C+-probability - C+-probability is the probability that a specified contrast variable is strictly positive.
C4.5 algorithm - C4.5 is a supervised learning algorithm developed by Ross Quinlan for building classification decision trees from labeled examples.
Cache coherence - Cache coherence is the coordination that keeps cached copies of shared memory locations consistent with the system's rules for reads and writes.
Cache language model - Definition: A cache language model adapts word or token predictions using a memory of previously encountered text.
Cache-only memory architecture - Cache-only memory architecture, or COMA, is a shared-memory multiprocessor organization in which each node's main-memory capacity acts as a large cache of...
Cache stampede - A cache stampede occurs when many requests encounter the same missing or expired cached value and independently try to fetch or recompute it.
Calculus of variations - The calculus of variations is a branch of mathematics for finding functions that make a functional stationary or optimal.
Calibrated probability assessment - Calibrated probability assessment is the practice of expressing uncertainty with probabilities or ranges whose stated confidence agrees with observed...
Calibration - Calibration describes how well predicted values agree with observed outcomes in a defined population and setting.
Calibration curves - A calibration curve checks whether a model's confidence means what it says: when the model predicts a 70 percent chance for a group of cases, about 70...
Calibration layer - A calibration layer is an adjustment applied after a model produces predictions, intended to make those predictions better agree with observed outcomes.
Calinski-Harabasz Index - The Calinski-Harabasz Index is an internal clustering score that compares separation between cluster centers with variation inside clusters, adjusted for...
Camera path - A camera path is the trajectory of a camera's position and orientation over time, or an image-based representation of that motion.
Candidate generation - Candidate generation is the fast first stage of a recommendation or search system, which picks a few hundred plausible items out of millions so a slower...
Candidate key - A candidate key is a minimal set of attributes that uniquely identifies a row in a relational data model.
Candidate sampling - Candidate sampling is a training approach that evaluates a limited selection of output classes instead of all possible classes for every example.
Canny edge detector - The Canny edge detector is a classical image-processing method that finds thin image edges through smoothing, gradient analysis, non-maximum suppression and...
Canonical Correlation Analysis - Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) finds pairs of linear combinations from two sets of variables that are as strongly correlated as possible.
Canonical correspondence analysis - Canonical correspondence analysis is a constrained ordination method that relates a table of species abundances, or similar non-negative response data, to...
Canonical distribution - In the Bayesian-network sense used in the AIMA material, a canonical distribution is a structured, compact form for a node's conditional probability...
Canonical Huffman code - A canonical Huffman code is a Huffman-style prefix code whose bit patterns are assigned by a fixed ordering rule once each symbol's code length is known.
CAP theorem - The CAP theorem identifies a limit of distributed shared-data systems: when communication between parts of the system can fail, a service cannot guarantee...
Capability index, Cpk - The capability index Cpk compares the distance from a process mean to its nearer specification limit with three process standard deviations.
Capability study - A capability study investigates the common-cause variability of a process: the variation associated with its ordinary operating system rather than a...
Capacity Scaling Minimum Cost Flow - Capacity Scaling Minimum Cost Flow is a network-flow method that finds the least-cost way to satisfy specified supplies and demands while respecting edge...
Capsule neural network - A capsule neural network organizes groups of neurons into capsules that represent entities and their properties.
CAPTCHA - CAPTCHA means “Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart.
Capture group - A capture group is a part of a regular expression that records the text matched by a selected subpattern so it can be retrieved or reused.
Cardinality (data modeling) - In data modeling, cardinality describes how many instances of one entity may or must be associated with an instance of another.
Carrier cloud - A carrier cloud is cloud infrastructure or a cloud service associated with a telecommunications operator, often integrating computing and storage with the...
Carryover effect - A carryover effect occurs when an earlier treatment, condition or experience continues to influence a later measurement.
CART - CART stands for Classification and Regression Trees, a methodology for learning decision trees from labeled data.
Cartesian Product - The Cartesian product combines every element of one set with every element of another to form ordered pairs.
Cascaded finite-state transducers - Cascaded finite-state transducers are a sequence of finite-state processing stages in which one stage's output becomes input for the next.
Cascading classifiers - Cascading classifiers are classification stages arranged so that an example's result at one stage determines whether it proceeds to another.
Case agreement - Case agreement is compatibility in grammatical case between words or phrases that a language's grammar requires to agree.
Case-based planning - Case-based planning constructs a plan for a new situation by retrieving relevant previous planning experiences and adapting them.
Case-based reasoning - Case-based reasoning is an approach to problem solving that uses relevant past cases to help address a new situation.
Case-control study - A case-control study selects people or other units according to whether they have an outcome of interest, then compares their prior exposures or...
CAT - CAT stands here for computer-aided translation, also called computer-assisted translation: a workflow in which software supports a human translator's work.
Catalog server - A catalog server, in the network information-discovery sense used here, maintains searchable descriptions or indexes of resources so users can find material...
Cataphora - Cataphora is a reference pattern in which an expression is interpreted through another expression that appears later in the text or speech.
Categorial grammar - Definition: Categorial grammar is a family of grammatical approaches in which words receive categories describing how they combine with other expressions.
Categorical data - Categorical data is data that names a group or label rather than measuring an amount, such as country, product type, plan level or payment method.
Categorical Naive Bayes - Categorical Naive Bayes is a classification method that models each input feature as a categorical variable and combines its class-conditional probabilities...
Categorical variable - A categorical variable records which category an observation belongs to, rather than a measured quantity.
Category utility - Category utility is a score for judging how informative a grouping is.