Catmull - Rom - Catmull - Rom is a family of interpolating cubic constructions.
Cauchy-Schwarz inequality - The Cauchy-Schwarz inequality states that the absolute value of the inner product of two vectors cannot exceed the product of their lengths.
Cauchy sequence - A Cauchy sequence is a sequence whose terms eventually become arbitrarily close to one another.
Causal analysis - Causal analysis investigates whether and how changing one factor would change an outcome.
Causal estimand - A causal estimand is the precisely defined causal quantity that an analysis aims to learn.
Causal graphs - Causal graphs are diagrams that represent assumptions about causal relationships among variables.
Causal inference - Causal inference is the process of drawing conclusions about how outcomes would change under specified interventions.
Causal language modeling - Causal language modeling is a training task in which a language model predicts the next token using only the preceding context.
Causal link - In partial-order AI planning, a causal link records that one action establishes a condition needed by another action.
Causal network - A causal network is a model that represents variables and their causal relationships, commonly using a directed graph together with probability...
Causal positivity - Causal positivity is the requirement that the treatment choices needed for a causal comparison have positive probability within the relevant covariate...
Causality - Causality concerns relationships in which changes in one part of a system can produce changes in another.
Causation - Causation is a cause-and-effect relationship in which one event, condition or intervention contributes to producing another.
Cause-effect diagram - A cause-effect diagram is a visual tool for organizing possible contributors to a clearly defined problem or outcome.
Caverphone - Caverphone is a phonetic coding algorithm that converts a written name or word into a compact code intended to help find similar-sounding spellings.
CDR coding - CDR coding is a technique for reducing the memory occupied by Lisp list cells.
Cell - In statistics, a cell is a particular combination of categories or factor levels, commonly represented by the intersection of a row and a column.
Cell decomposition - Cell decomposition is a planning technique that divides a space into regions called cells and represents usable connections between them.
Cellular architecture - In parallel-computer architecture, a cellular architecture builds a system from many cooperating computational units, or cells.
Cellular neural network - A cellular neural network is a network of locally connected processing cells whose changing states collectively process information.
Censoring - Censoring occurs when an observation provides only partial information about a value, such as knowing that an event time exceeds a recorded follow-up time.
Census - A census is a statistical collection that seeks information from every unit in a defined population, rather than selecting only a sample of those units.
Center-surround - Center-surround describes a receptive-field or filter arrangement in which a central region and its surrounding neighborhood have opposing influences.
Centered kernel alignment - Centered kernel alignment, or CKA, measures similarity between two sets of representations by comparing their centered similarity structures over the same...
Centering - Centering transforms a variable by subtracting a reference value from each observation, most commonly the variable's mean.
Centering Theory - Centering Theory is a framework for explaining local discourse coherence through the prominence of entities and the referring expressions used for them.
Centerpoint - A centerpoint is an experimental run with quantitative factors set at the middle of their selected low and high settings.
Central composite design - A central composite design (CCD) is an experimental design for fitting a second-order response surface.
Central limit theorem - The central limit theorem explains why suitably standardized sums or averages often have distributions close to a normal distribution.
Central moment - A central moment is a summary of a distribution calculated from deviations around its mean.
Centralized computing - Centralized computing is an arrangement in which a main system or centrally managed computing environment performs a substantial share of processing and...
Centroid - A centroid is the center point of a group of data, found by averaging the group's values on each measure, and used to represent the whole group with one...
Centroid-based clustering - Centroid-based clustering groups data by assigning every point to the nearest center, or centroid, with k-means the best-known method, producing a chosen...
Cepstral coefficients - Cepstral coefficients are numerical values obtained by transforming a logarithmic spectral representation of a signal.
Cepstral mean and variance normalization - Definition: Cepstral mean and variance normalization, usually abbreviated CMVN, standardizes speech-feature coefficients by subtracting an estimated mean...
CERNO test - The CERNO test, short for Coincident Extreme Ranks in Numerical Observations, is a rank-based enrichment test.
Certain answer - A certain answer is a query result that holds in every admissible interpretation or completion of an incomplete database.
Certainty effect - The certainty effect is a pattern in decision making in which a guaranteed outcome receives disproportionate weight compared with outcomes that are merely...
Certainty equivalent - A certainty equivalent is a guaranteed outcome that a decision maker values equally to a specified uncertain prospect.
Certification - Certification is a formal attestation that a specified object meets defined requirements within an identified scope.
Chain graphical model - A chain graphical model represents a probability distribution using a graph that can contain both directed and undirected edges, subject to restrictions...
Chain linking - Chain linking constructs an index or volume series by connecting changes measured between successive periods.
Chain-of-thought prompting - Chain-of-thought prompting is a prompting approach that uses intermediate explanations or worked solution steps to help a language model produce an answer.
Chain of trust - A chain of trust is a sequence of relationships or verification steps through which confidence in one component or claim depends on an accepted starting...
Chain rule - The chain rule of probability expresses a joint probability as a product of successive conditional probabilities.
Chain rule of calculus - The chain rule of calculus gives the derivative of a composite function: a function whose input is the output of another function.
Chaining (vector processing) - Chaining in vector processing lets a dependent vector operation begin using individual results from an earlier operation before the entire earlier vector is...
Chains - Chains, in the graph-algorithm sense used here, are paths or cycles produced by a chain decomposition based on a depth-first search tree.