P-frame - A P-frame, or predictive frame, is a coded video picture that can use previously decoded reference pictures to predict image content.
p-hacking - P-hacking is the practice of selecting or changing data analyses in response to their results so that a desired finding appears statistically significant...
P-rep - P-rep, usually written p_rep, is a proposed statistic intended to estimate the probability that a replication produces an effect with the same sign as an...
P/T ratio - The P/T ratio, or precision-to-tolerance ratio, compares a stated width of measurement-system variation with the permitted specification width.
P-value - A p-value is a probability calculated under a specified null model: the probability of obtaining a test statistic at least as extreme as the observed value...
PAC learning - PAC learning, short for probably approximately correct learning, is a mathematical framework for studying when an algorithm can learn a predictor from...
PACELC design principle - PACELC is a design principle for reasoning about replicated distributed databases.
Packed data - Packed data is a storage layout where values are stored back to back in a fixed binary form, with no per-value overhead, so a million numbers occupy exactly...
Page's trend test - Page's trend test, also called Page's L test, is a rank-based test for a prespecified ordering of responses across treatments or conditions measured within...
Pair Confusion Matrix - A Pair Confusion Matrix judges a clustering by looking at pairs of items: for every pair, did the clustering correctly put same-kind items together and...
Paired data - Paired data consist of observations linked in meaningful pairs, such as two measurements from the same person or results from two methods applied to the...
Paired difference test - A paired difference test evaluates a hypothesis using differences between observations that belong together, such as two measurements on the same person or...
Pairwise metric - A pairwise metric is a rule used to compare two observations, commonly by calculating their distance or similarity.
Palatal sound - Definition: A palatal sound is a speech sound whose primary constriction is formed with the front of the tongue body near or against the hard palate.
Palato-alveolar sound - Definition: A palato-alveolar sound is a speech sound produced with the tongue blade forming a constriction just behind the alveolar ridge, typically with a...
Panorama - A panorama is an image showing an extended view of a scene, often created by combining overlapping photographs into one continuous composition.
Paper key - A paper key is a physical, paper-based representation of cryptographic secret or recovery material.
Paradigm (experimental) - An experimental paradigm is a recognizable framework for conducting a type of experiment, including its central task, manipulation, comparison conditions...
Parallel algorithm - A parallel algorithm is a method for solving a problem that allows multiple operations to proceed at the same time.
Parallel analysis - Parallel analysis is a method for helping choose how many components or factors to retain by comparing observed eigenvalues with corresponding eigenvalues...
Parallel breadth-first search - Parallel breadth-first search is a graph-search method that uses simultaneous work to explore vertices in increasing distance from a starting vertex.
Parallel computation thesis - The parallel computation thesis is a principle in computational complexity that relates parallel running time to sequential memory use, up to polynomial...
Parallel computing - Parallel computing is the use of multiple computing resources at the same time to perform a computational task.
Parallel programming model - A parallel programming model is the set of concepts and rules programmers use to express work that can execute simultaneously.
Parallel projection - Parallel projection maps three-dimensional points onto a two-dimensional plane along parallel projection lines.
Parallel tempering - Parallel tempering is a Monte Carlo sampling method that runs several related chains at different temperatures and occasionally proposes exchanges of their...
Parallelization contract - A parallelization contract, or PACT, is an abstraction from the Stratosphere research project that describes how a data-processing function can be applied...
Parallelogram model - The parallelogram model is a vector-based approach to analogy: it represents a relation as the difference between two vectors and applies that difference to...
Parameter - A parameter is one of the internal settings a model learns from data during training: the dial positions, like the weights on inputs, that together encode...
Parameter-efficient fine-tuning - Parameter-efficient fine-tuning, or PEFT, adapts a pretrained model while training substantially fewer parameters than full fine-tuning.
Parameter independence - Parameter independence is an assumption that specified groups of uncertain model parameters are probabilistically independent.
Parameter learning - Parameter learning is the process of estimating a model's numerical quantities from data while working within a specified model structure.
Parameter Server - A parameter server is a component of a distributed machine-learning system that stores and manages shared model parameters while worker processes perform...
Parameter space - A parameter space is the set of all permitted values of a model's parameters.
Parameter update - A parameter update is one adjustment to a model's internal settings during training: after seeing a batch of data and measuring its errors, the model nudges...
Parametric hypothesis - A parametric hypothesis is a statement about one or more parameters of a probability distribution or statistical model.
Parametric index - A parametric index is an information-retrieval index for structured document attributes, such as publication date, language, or document type.
Parametric model - A parametric model is a model family described by a fixed finite set of parameters, for a specified model structure.
Parametric test - A parametric test is a statistical test whose reference distribution or inference is derived from a model with specified distributional or parameter...
Paranoid algorithm - The paranoid algorithm is a game-tree search approach for games with more than two players.
Parareal - Parareal is a numerical method that parallelizes the solution of time-dependent problems across several time intervals.
Parent node - A parent node is a node with a direct directed edge leading into another node. If the graph contains A → B, A is a parent of B and B is a child of A.
Pareto analysis - Pareto analysis ranks categories by their contribution to a defined total, such as number of incidents, cost, or time lost, to help identify priorities for...
Pareto dominated - An option is Pareto dominated when another feasible option is at least as good on every specified objective and strictly better on at least one.
Pareto optimal - A feasible solution is Pareto optimal if no other feasible solution improves at least one specified objective without worsening any other.