O'Brien - Fleming boundary - An O'Brien - Fleming boundary is a group-sequential testing boundary that requires especially strong evidence for early rejection of a null hypothesis and...
OAuth - OAuth is an authorization framework through which a client can obtain limited access to a protected service.
Object co-segmentation - Object co-segmentation identifies and separates object regions that are shared across two or more images by analyzing the images together.
Object Data Model - An object data model represents information through objects with identity, state and, in object-oriented approaches, associated behavior.
Object-level state space - An object-level state space is the collection of possible states of the task an intelligent system is trying to solve.
Object model - In the perception sense used here, an object model represents properties of the objects that may occur in a visual environment.
Object orientation - Object orientation is an approach to designing and organizing software around objects that combine state with behavior.
Object recognition - Object recognition is the process of identifying what an object is from visual information, such as an image or video.
Object - role modeling - Object - role modeling, often abbreviated ORM, is a conceptual data-modeling approach that describes a business domain through facts and the roles that...
Object storage - Object storage is a way to store data as individually addressable objects, each containing data and associated metadata.
Objective - An objective is a quantity that a learning or optimization process tries to improve, usually by minimizing or maximizing it.
Objective function - An objective function is a mathematical rule that assigns a value to a candidate solution so an optimization process can seek a minimum or maximum.
Oblique condition - An oblique condition is a decision-tree split on a combination of features at once, a slanted line through the data, rather than the usual single-feature...
Observability (software) - Observability in software is the ability to understand a system's internal behavior by examining the information it exposes.
Observed frequencies - Observed frequencies are the counts actually recorded in categories, intervals, or cells of a frequency table.
Observer-expectancy effect - The observer-expectancy effect occurs when an observer's or researcher's expectations influence the behavior being studied or the way observations are...
Occupancy grid - An occupancy grid is a spatial map divided into cells, with each cell storing an estimate of whether that part of the environment is occupied.
Occupied space - Occupied space is the region physically taken up by a robot, obstacle, or other object.
Occur check - An occur check, more commonly called an occurs check, tests whether a variable appears inside a term before binding that variable to the term during...
Ockham's razor - Ockham's razor, also spelled Occam's razor, is a preference for avoiding unnecessary complexity when choosing among explanations or models.
Odds - Odds express the probability that an event occurs relative to the probability that it does not occur. If the event probability is p, its odds are p/(1 − p).
Odds algorithm - The odds algorithm is an optimal stopping rule for selecting the last success in a finite sequence of independent yes-or-no trials with known success...
Odds ratio - An odds ratio compares the odds of an event in one group or condition with the odds in another.
Odometry - Odometry is the estimation of a robot's change in position and orientation from measurements of its motion over time.
Odor source localization - Odor source localization is the task of identifying where an airborne or waterborne chemical plume originates, using measurements gathered by sensors and...
Off-line SPC - Off-line SPC refers to statistical process-control techniques used to characterize or improve a process without necessarily deciding, as each new...
Off-policy - Off-policy describes reinforcement learning or policy evaluation that learns about a target policy using experience generated by a different behavior policy.
Offline inference - Offline inference is the use of a trained machine-learning model to generate predictions in advance, usually for a collection of known inputs, and store...
Offline learning - Offline learning is training a model from an already collected dataset rather than continually updating it as new operational examples arrive.
Offline private key protocol - Offline private key protocol is an uncommon label associated with protecting encrypted backups or archives by keeping the decryption private key offline...
Offline reinforcement learning - Offline reinforcement learning is the process of learning a decision-making policy from an existing dataset of experience without collecting additional...
Offline search - Offline search is a problem-solving approach in which an agent computes a solution using a model before executing the corresponding actions in the environment.
Offline Store - An offline store is the part of a feature-store architecture used to retain and retrieve historical feature values for work such as model training and batch...
Offset filtration - An offset filtration is a nested family of shapes formed by expanding equal-radius neighborhoods around a set of points as the radius increases.
Oja's rule - Oja's rule is an unsupervised learning rule for a linear neuron that combines Hebbian reinforcement with an activity-dependent stabilizing term.
OLAP - OLAP stands for online analytical processing.
OLAP cube - An OLAP cube is a multidimensional analytical model that organizes measures, such as sales or quantity, by dimensions such as product, location and time.
OLTP - OLTP stands for online transaction processing.
Omega squared ( w 2 ) - Omega squared, conventionally written omega² or ω², is an effect-size measure used with analysis of variance to estimate the proportion of outcome variation...
Omitted-variable bias - Omitted-variable bias occurs when leaving a relevant variable out of a statistical model distorts the estimated relationship for an included variable...
Omnibus test - An omnibus test evaluates a broad null hypothesis that combines several restrictions or comparisons into one overall test.
Omniscience - Omniscience means complete knowledge.
On-Demand Features - On-demand features are computed at the moment a prediction is requested, from the freshest available data, rather than being pre-computed in a batch and...
On-line SPC - On-line SPC means statistical process control used to monitor an operating process and identify when its behavior warrants investigation or corrective...
On-policy - On-policy describes reinforcement learning in which the policy being evaluated or improved is also the policy used to generate the relevant experience.
One-armed bandit - A one-armed bandit is a sequential decision problem involving one uncertain reward-producing option and a known alternative, such as a fixed reward or the...
One-factor-at-a-time method - The one-factor-at-a-time method, often abbreviated OFAT, investigates a system by changing one input factor while holding the others fixed.