Specification limits - Specification limits are the numerical boundaries that define acceptable values for a specified characteristic of a product, service or process output.
Spectrum bias - Spectrum bias occurs when an evaluation's mix of cases does not adequately represent the range of cases relevant to its intended use, leading to a...
Speed prior - The Speed Prior is an algorithmic probability proposal introduced by Jürgen Schmidhuber that incorporates computational resources into a preference for...
Sphericity - Sphericity is a covariance condition used in the conventional univariate analysis of repeated measures.
Spillover (experiment) - A spillover in an experiment occurs when a unit's outcome is affected by treatment assigned to another unit.
Squared ranks test - The squared ranks test, often called the Conover squared ranks test, is a rank-based procedure for comparing dispersion across independent groups.
Stable model - A stable model is a formally defined interpretation of a logic program with default negation.
Staged tree (mathematics) - A staged tree is a probabilistic event tree whose nonterminal situations are grouped into stages when they share the same conditional distribution over...
Standard deviation - Standard deviation is a measure of spread obtained by taking the square root of variance.
Standard error - The standard error is the standard deviation of an estimator's sampling distribution.
Standard error of differences between means - The standard error of differences between means is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of a difference between estimated means.
Standard lottery - A standard lottery is a reference gamble used in expected-utility assessment, typically offering a defined best outcome with probability p and a defined...
Standard normal distribution - The standard normal distribution is the normal, or Gaussian, probability distribution with mean zero and variance one.
Standard normal random vector - A standard normal random vector is a vector whose components are independent standard normal random variables.
Standard scores - Standard scores express observations on a reference scale with a specified mean and standard deviation.
Standardization - Standardization, in the statistical preprocessing sense used here, transforms a variable by subtracting a chosen mean and dividing by a chosen positive...
Standardized coefficient - A standardized coefficient is a regression coefficient expressed using standardized variable scales.
Standardizing apart - Standardizing apart is the logical operation of consistently renaming variables so that variables belonging to separate clauses, scopes or rule applications...
State observer - A state observer is a model-based system that estimates the internal state of a dynamic process from its measured outputs and known inputs.
Stationary distribution - A stationary distribution is a probability distribution over a system's states that remains unchanged after the system's transition rule is applied.
Stationary sequence - A stationary sequence is a sequence of random variables whose relevant statistical properties remain unchanged when the time index is shifted.
Statistic - A statistic is a quantity calculated from observed data using a specified rule.
Statistical assembly - Statistical assembly is a specialized label for a collection of components studied together as one statistical unit, with attention to how component...
Statistical benchmarking - Statistical benchmarking, in the survey-estimation sense used here, adjusts estimates or survey weights so that selected totals agree with trusted external...
Statistical confidentiality - Statistical confidentiality is the protection of information about individual statistical units against unauthorized disclosure when data are collected...
Statistical control - Statistical control is the condition in which a process's observed variation is consistent with a stable system of common causes, rather than showing...
Statistical Data Protection (SDP) - Statistical Data Protection, abbreviated SDP, is the coordinated protection of statistical information across the full production process, from collection...
Statistical design of experiments - Statistical design of experiments is the planned arrangement of experimental conditions, units, measurements, and analysis so that a study can answer its...
Statistical disclosure - Statistical disclosure occurs when released statistical information allows a recipient to learn protected information about a statistical unit more...
Statistical Disclosure Control (SDC) - Statistical Disclosure Control, abbreviated SDC, is the set of methods used to reduce the risk that released statistical information reveals protected...
Statistical edit - A statistical edit is a data-quality check whose rules or thresholds are derived from statistical analysis of reported data.
Statistical hypothesis test - A statistical hypothesis test is a procedure for assessing data against a stated hypothesis about a population or probability model.
Statistical interference - Statistical interference, in reliability and tolerance analysis, concerns the possibility that random demand exceeds random capacity, or that two varying...
Statistical model - A statistical model is a mathematical description of how observed data can arise, expressed through probability distributions and assumptions about...
Statistical model specification - Statistical model specification is the process of defining the mathematical and probabilistic structure of a model before or alongside estimating its...
Statistical MT - Statistical MT means statistical machine translation: translating text between human languages using models learned from data, especially collections of...
Statistical parity - Statistical parity is a group-level criterion requiring a model's predictions or decisions to be independent of membership in a specified group.
Statistical process control - Statistical process control, or SPC, uses statistical methods and process knowledge to monitor performance over time, detect meaningful changes, and support...
Statistical quality control - Statistical quality control, or SQC, applies statistical methods to measure, monitor, evaluate, and improve quality in relation to defined requirements.
Statistical significance - Statistical significance is a label applied when a statistical result meets a specified testing criterion, commonly when a p-value is at or below a chosen...
Statistical unit - A statistical unit is the entity to which a statistical observation or result refers.
Stem and leaf plot - A stem and leaf plot is a display of numerical observations that separates each value into a leading part, the stem, and a trailing part, the leaf.
Stepped-wedge trial - A stepped-wedge trial evaluates an intervention introduced to different groups at different scheduled times.
Stepwise regression - Stepwise regression is a family of procedures that builds a regression model by adding or removing candidate predictors according to a specified rule.
Stochastic block model - A stochastic block model is a probabilistic model of a network in which nodes belong to groups, or blocks, and connection probabilities depend on the groups...
Stochastic drift - Stochastic drift describes the systematic tendency in the change of a random process, usually expressed through an expected increment or an instantaneous...
Stochastic edit - A stochastic edit is a statistical data-checking rule whose violation suggests a possible error without proving that the data are wrong.