Stochastic grammar - A stochastic grammar is a formal grammar augmented with probabilities that describe how its production rules are chosen.
Stock sampling - Stock sampling selects units that are already in a particular state at a chosen observation time, such as customers currently subscribed or cases currently...
Stock series - A stock series is a sequence of measurements of a quantity at specified points in time.
Strata - Strata are the distinct subgroups into which a population is divided for a statistical purpose, especially before sampling. The singular is stratum.
Stratified randomization - Stratified randomization performs random assignment separately within predefined subgroups, or strata, so that important baseline characteristics can be...
Structural break - A structural break is a change in the parameters or relationships describing a process over time, so that one stable model no longer represents the full...
Structural model - A structural model is a theoretical representation of relationships assumed to underlie observed data.
Student's t distribution - Student's t distribution is a family of symmetric probability distributions indexed by degrees of freedom.
Studentized range statistic ( q ) - The studentized range statistic, usually written q, divides a range by an estimated standard deviation of the quantities being compared.
Studentized residual - A studentized residual is a regression residual divided by an estimated standard deviation appropriate to that residual.
Subgroup analysis - Subgroup analysis examines results separately for defined subsets of a study population or dataset.
Subjective logic - Subjective logic is a formal framework for reasoning with uncertain opinions, developed by Audun Jøsang.
Subjective probability - Subjective probability expresses an individual's or agent's degree of belief that a proposition is true, given the information and assumptions available to...
Sufficient statistic - A sufficient statistic is a function of observed data that preserves all the information those data contain about a specified parameter within a specified...
Sums of squares - Sums of squares are totals formed by squaring quantities, commonly deviations from a mean, fitted value, or other reference, and adding the results.
Sunrise problem - The sunrise problem asks how observing an event repeatedly should affect belief that it will happen again.
Suppressor variable - A suppressor variable is a predictor whose inclusion in a regression improves the predictive contribution of another predictor by accounting for variation...
Surrogate data testing - Surrogate data testing is a hypothesis-testing approach that compares a statistic from observed data with values computed from artificial datasets generated...
Survey - A survey is a planned process for collecting information about a population through observations or responses from its units.
Survey errors - Survey errors are discrepancies or uncertainties that can arise when a survey's results differ from the quantities it is intended to measure.
Survival analysis - Survival analysis is the branch of statistics concerned with time until a defined event.
Survival function - A survival function gives the probability that an event time exceeds a specified time. For an event time T, the usual definition is S(t) = P(T > t).
Survival time - Survival time is the elapsed time from a defined starting point to a specified event.
Symmetric distribution - A symmetric distribution has the same probability pattern on either side of a central value.
Symmetric relationships - Symmetric relationships, in the log-linear modeling sense used here, are associations among categorical variables analyzed jointly without designating one...
Synthetic control method - The synthetic control method estimates an intervention's effect by comparing a treated unit with a weighted combination of untreated units chosen to...
Synthetic measure - A synthetic measure is a constructed summary that combines several indicators into one value intended to represent a broader concept.
Synthetic minority oversampling technique - Synthetic minority oversampling technique, commonly called SMOTE, is a training-data resampling method that creates additional minority-class examples by...
T scores - T scores, in standardized assessment, are scores expressed on a scale with a reference mean of 50 and reference standard deviation of 10.
T-test - A t-test is a statistical test that compares a mean or difference in means with a specified null value using an estimated standard error and a Student t...
Table 2 fallacy - The Table 2 fallacy is the mistake of interpreting every coefficient from one multivariable regression as though each estimated the intended causal effect...
Taguchi methods - Taguchi methods are approaches to experimental design and quality improvement associated with Genichi Taguchi, emphasizing performance that remains reliable...
Telephone survey - A telephone survey collects information from respondents through a telephone interview or an automated telephone interaction.
Temporal normalization - Temporal normalization is the natural-language processing task of converting expressions about time into a structured temporal representation.
Test statistic - A test statistic is a numerical summary of data used to evaluate a statistical hypothesis.
Testing hypotheses suggested by the data - Testing hypotheses suggested by the data means evaluating claims that were formulated or selected after examining the same observations.
Tetrachoric correlation - Tetrachoric correlation estimates the correlation between two hypothetical continuous variables from two observed binary variables, assuming the continuous...
Time origin - The time origin is the reference point from which elapsed time is measured in a study or analysis.
Time series breaks - Time series breaks are discontinuities in comparability caused by changes in how a variable is defined, classified, covered, measured, or compiled over time.
Time-series segmentation - Time-series segmentation divides an ordered sequence into contiguous intervals that are relatively coherent under a chosen criterion.
Time-varying covariate - A time-varying covariate is a predictor whose value can change during the period being analyzed.
Time Warp Edit Distance - Time Warp Edit Distance, abbreviated TWED or TWE, is an elastic distance for comparing time series through a minimum-cost sequence of matching and editing...
Tolerance - Tolerance is a regression diagnostic that measures how much of one predictor's variation remains unexplained by the other predictors in the model.
Transfer model - A transfer model, in traditional machine translation, maps a representation of a source-language expression into a representation suitable for producing the...
Transient failure model - A transient failure model is a probabilistic description that allows a sensor or component to produce an occasional faulty result without assuming that the...
Transition model - A transition model describes how a system moves from its current state to a next state, sometimes depending on an action.
Transition probability - A transition probability is the conditional probability that a system moves to a specified state over a specified step or interval, given its starting state...
Translational invariance - Translational invariance is the property that a model's relevant output remains unchanged when its input is shifted in position.