Coupled mixture model - A coupled mixture model is a set of mixture models trained together on related datasets, with links between their components so that evidence from one...
Coupled pattern learner - The Coupled Pattern Learner, or CPL, is a semi-supervised information-extraction method that learns text patterns for categories and relations together.
Coupling flow - A coupling flow is a normalizing flow built from invertible coupling transformations.
Covariance - Covariance measures how two variables vary together relative to their respective means.
Covariance function - A covariance function specifies the covariance between a random process's values at two inputs.
Covariance graph - A covariance graph is a graphical representation of marginal independence assumptions, commonly expressed through zeros in a Gaussian covariance matrix.
Covariance matrix - A covariance matrix is a square table describing the variances and pairwise covariances of a random vector's components.
Covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy - Covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy, or CMA-ES, is a randomized method for optimizing functions of continuous parameters without requiring their...
Covariant derivative (healing brush) - In the healing-brush context, a covariant derivative is a modified derivative that measures image variation relative to a chosen connection field.
Cover's theorem - Cover's theorem, in pattern recognition, concerns the capacity of linear decision surfaces to separate labeled points and how nonlinear feature...
Coverage bias - Coverage bias occurs when the population represented in a dataset does not adequately match the population about which conclusions or predictions are intended.
Coverage error - Coverage error is a measure of how far down a ranked list of labels a system must go to include every correct label for an example.
Cox model - The Cox model usually means Cox proportional hazards regression, a method relating predictors to the time until an event while accommodating appropriate...
Cramér's phi ( F c ) - Cramér's phi, commonly written phi_c and more widely known as Cramér's V, measures association between two categorical variables in a contingency table.
Crash blossom - A crash blossom is a headline or sentence whose wording invites a wildly wrong reading, named after a real headline about a musician whose career ended in a...
Criss-cross algorithm - The criss-cross algorithm is a family of pivot methods for linear programming that can start from a basis without requiring primal or dual feasibility.
Criterion validity - Criterion validity concerns how well a measurement relates to an appropriate external reference or outcome.
Criterion variable - A criterion variable is the variable a statistical model or prediction study aims to predict.
Critic - In reinforcement learning, the critic is the part of the system that judges how good the current situation or action is, while another part, the actor...
Critical path - A critical path is a sequence of dependent activities that determines a project's earliest completion time in a basic precedence schedule.
Critical path method - The critical path method, or CPM, is a scheduling technique that uses activity durations and dependencies to calculate early and late start and finish...
Critical value - A critical value is a boundary used in a statistical decision rule, commonly separating rejection and nonrejection regions for a hypothesis test.
Cromwell's rule - Cromwell's rule is advice to avoid assigning exact prior probabilities of zero or one to uncertain empirical propositions.
Cross-attention - Cross-attention is an attention mechanism in which queries come from one set of representations and keys and values come from another.
Cross-brackets - Cross-brackets, or crossing brackets, are a constituency-parser evaluation measure of incompatible phrase boundaries between a predicted parse and a...
Cross-correlation matrix - A cross-correlation matrix describes pairwise relationships between components of two random vectors.
Cross decomposition - Cross decomposition is a family of methods that finds hidden dimensions linking two sets of measurements, such as customer survey answers and purchase...
Cross-dissolve - A cross-dissolve is a transition that gradually reduces one image's contribution while increasing another's.
Cross-entropy - Cross-entropy is the expected negative logarithm of probabilities assigned by one distribution to outcomes generated by another.
Cross-entropy loss - Cross-entropy loss is a training objective that penalizes a model for assigning low probability to the correct outcome.
Cross-entropy method - The cross-entropy method is a sampling-based approach to optimization and rare-event estimation.
Cross-fitting - Cross-fitting is a validation technique where predictions for every data point are made by a model that never saw that point in training, giving honest...
Cross-industry standard process for data mining - The Cross-Industry Standard Process for Data Mining, usually abbreviated CRISP-DM, is a process model for organizing data-mining projects.
Cross / joint bilateral filter - A cross or joint bilateral filter averages values from a target image using weights determined by spatial distance and similarity in a separate guide image.
Cross-language information retrieval - Definition: Cross-language information retrieval, or CLIR, searches for relevant information written in a language different from the query language.
Cross-sectional data - Cross-sectional data describe multiple units, such as people, businesses or images, through observations treated as a single snapshot rather than as...
Cross-sectional regression - Cross-sectional regression models relationships between an outcome and explanatory variables across different units observed for a common point or period in...
Cross-validation - Cross-validation evaluates a learning procedure by repeatedly fitting it on one part of a dataset and assessing it on a separate part.
Crossover point - A crossover point is a position in a candidate solution's representation where a crossover operation switches from material inherited from one parent to...
Crossover study - A crossover study compares interventions by having the same participants receive different interventions during successive periods.
Crout matrix decomposition - Crout matrix decomposition is an LU factorization convention in which a matrix is expressed as a lower-triangular factor L times an upper-triangular factor...
Crowdsource - To crowdsource is to invite contributions from a distributed group of people to complete a task, supply information or solve a problem.
Crypto-shredding - Crypto-shredding is the practice of making encrypted data inaccessible by irrecoverably eliminating the key material needed to decrypt it.
Cryptographic splitting - Cryptographic splitting is a broad label for dividing protected data or secret material into separately held parts using a cryptographic design.
Cubic B-spline - A cubic B-spline uses piecewise polynomials of degree three as locally supported basis functions.
Cuboid (computer vision) - In the behavior-recognition literature, a cuboid is a small volume of video data spanning two image dimensions and a short interval of time.
Cuckoo hashing - Cuckoo hashing is a hash-table technique that gives each key a small number of possible storage locations.