STIT logic - STIT logic is a family of formal logics for reasoning about agency: an agent “sees to it that” some statement is true.
Stixel - A stixel is a compact, vertically organized element used to represent parts of a scene in a structured visual-perception model.
Stochastic algorithm - A stochastic algorithm uses random choices as part of its execution.
Stochastic beam search - Stochastic beam search is a search approach that maintains a limited collection of candidates and chooses the next collection partly at random, favoring...
Stochastic block model - A stochastic block model is a probabilistic model of a network in which nodes belong to groups, or blocks, and connection probabilities depend on the groups...
Stochastic dominance - Stochastic dominance is a way to compare probability distributions of outcomes under a stated class of preferences.
Stochastic drift - Stochastic drift describes the systematic tendency in the change of a random process, usually expressed through an expected increment or an instantaneous...
Stochastic edit - A stochastic edit is a statistical data-checking rule whose violation suggests a possible error without proving that the data are wrong.
Stochastic games - Stochastic games are models of sequential interaction in which several players choose actions, receive rewards, and influence probabilistic transitions...
Stochastic gradient descent - Stochastic gradient descent, or SGD, is an optimization method that updates parameters using a randomly sampled estimate of the objective's gradient.
Stochastic gradient Hamiltonian Monte Carlo - Stochastic gradient Hamiltonian Monte Carlo, or SGHMC, is a posterior sampling method that combines momentum-based dynamics with gradients estimated from...
Stochastic gradient Langevin dynamics - Stochastic gradient Langevin dynamics, or SGLD, is a method for approximately sampling a Bayesian posterior distribution using mini-batch gradients and...
Stochastic grammar - A stochastic grammar is a formal grammar augmented with probabilities that describe how its production rules are chosen.
Stochastic hill climbing - Stochastic hill climbing is a local-search method that randomly selects among improving moves instead of always choosing the best immediate neighbor.
Stochastic matrix - A stochastic matrix is a matrix of nonnegative numbers whose rows or columns sum to one, depending on the convention.
Stochastic multiarmed bandit - A stochastic multiarmed bandit is a sequential decision problem in which a learner repeatedly chooses among actions with uncertain rewards.
Stochastic neighbor embedding - Stochastic neighbor embedding, or SNE, is a nonlinear dimensionality-reduction method that represents objects in a lower-dimensional space by trying to...
Stochastic parrot - “Stochastic parrot” is a critical metaphor for a language model that produces convincing language from learned statistical patterns without the grounded...
Stochastic policy - A stochastic policy specifies a probability distribution over actions for each relevant state or observation.
Stochastic process - A stochastic process is an indexed collection of random variables defined on a common probability space.
Stochastic program - A stochastic program is a statistical model expressed as a procedure that makes random draws.
Stochastic semantic analysis - Definition: Stochastic semantic analysis uses probabilistic models to infer a meaning representation from language.
Stochastic variance reduction - Stochastic variance reduction is a collection of optimization techniques that reduce randomness in estimated gradients while retaining much of the...
Stochastic variational inference - Stochastic variational inference, or SVI, uses stochastic optimization to fit a tractable approximation to a Bayesian posterior distribution.
Stochastic weight averaging - Stochastic weight averaging, or SWA, forms a single neural-network model by taking an equal average of selected parameter vectors along a training trajectory.
Stochastic weight averaging Gaussian approximation - Stochastic weight averaging Gaussian approximation, usually called SWA-Gaussian or SWAG, fits a Gaussian distribution over neural-network parameters using...
Stock sampling - Stock sampling selects units that are already in a particular state at a chosen observation time, such as customers currently subscribed or cases currently...
Stock series - A stock series is a sequence of measurements of a quantity at specified points in time.
Stoer-Wagner minimum cut - The Stoer - Wagner minimum-cut algorithm finds a global minimum edge cut in an undirected graph with nonnegative edge weights.
Stop (consonant) - A stop consonant is a speech sound characterized by a complete closure that blocks the relevant airflow in the vocal tract.
Stop list - A stop list is a collection of words or terms that a text-processing system is configured to ignore or remove at a particular stage.
Stop word - A Stop word is a word that a particular text-processing system chooses to omit from a representation or processing step, usually because it is considered...
Stopping rule - A stopping rule specifies when a sequential process should end or switch to another option, using information available at the time of the decision.
Stopping time - A stopping time is a random time whose occurrence can be determined using only the information available so far.
Storage area network - A storage area network, or SAN, is a network primarily used to transfer data between computers and storage devices, or among storage devices.
Storage model - A storage model describes how data is physically organized in a data store, including how record attributes are grouped and represented for access.
Straight-through estimator - A straight-through estimator is a training rule that substitutes a usable derivative for the derivative of a hard or discrete operation during backpropagation.
Straight-through processing - Straight-through processing, or STP, is the completion of a defined transaction or business process through connected automated steps without manual...
Strata - Strata are the distinct subgroups into which a population is divided for a statistical purpose, especially before sampling. The singular is stratum.
Strategic form - Strategic form, also called normal form, represents a game by specifying its players, each player's available strategies, and the payoff each player...
Strategy - A strategy is a player's complete plan for choosing actions in a game or other model of strategic interaction.
Strategy profile - A strategy profile is a collection containing one strategy for every player in a game.
Strategy-proof - A rule is strategy-proof when no individual participant can obtain a better outcome, according to their true preferences, by misreporting their private...
Stratification - Stratification divides a population or dataset into defined subgroups, called strata, using selected characteristics.
Stratified randomization - Stratified randomization performs random assignment separately within predefined subgroups, or strata, so that important baseline characteristics can be...
Stratified resampling - Stratified resampling is a particle-resampling method that divides the unit interval into equally sized strata, draws one independent uniform value within...
Stratified sampling - Stratified sampling divides a population or dataset into distinct groups, called strata, and selects samples separately within those groups.
Stream processing - Stream processing is the continuous or incremental computation of results from a flow of incoming events or records.