Proper noun - A proper noun is a noun used as a name, or as part of a name, for a particular person, place, organization, or other entity.
Proper policy - A proper policy is a policy that reaches the designated terminal state with probability one from the required starting states in a stochastic shortest-path...
Proportion - A proportion expresses how much of a defined whole belongs to a particular category or meets a specified condition.
Proportional hazards - Proportional hazards is an assumption that the hazard functions for two groups or covariate profiles differ by a constant multiplicative factor over time.
Proportional Hazards Model - A proportional hazards model describes how characteristics multiply the instantaneous rate of an event among cases that have not yet experienced it.
Proportional reduction in error (PRE) - Proportional reduction in error, or PRE, measures how much a prediction rule reduces error relative to a specified baseline.
Proportionality - Proportionality, in the supplied factorial-analysis-of-variance context, is a condition on cell sample sizes: the relative distribution across levels of one...
Proportionate reduction of error - Proportionate reduction of error is a way of interpreting predictive association by comparing errors made without particular information with errors made...
Proposal distribution - A proposal distribution is a distribution used to generate candidate values in a sampling algorithm.
Proposition symbol - A proposition symbol is an atomic symbol used to represent a statement in propositional logic.
Propositional logic - Propositional logic is a formal system for reasoning with statements that are treated as true or false and combined using logical connectives.
Prosodic phrasing - Prosodic phrasing is the grouping of spoken words into units through intonation, timing, and other speech cues.
Prosody - Prosody is the intonational and rhythmic organization of speech, including patterns of prominence, phrasing, pitch, and timing.
Prospective study - A prospective study is planned before participants or other study units are enrolled and followed for the outcomes of interest.
Protected attribute - A protected attribute is a personal characteristic associated with protection against discrimination under an applicable law or policy.
Protected class - A protected class is a category of people covered by particular protections against discrimination in a specified legal context.
Proto-agent - A proto-agent is one of two semantic proto-roles from linguistics: the participant in an event who acts, causes, moves or experiences, as opposed to the...
PROTO - PATIENT - PROTO-PATIENT is a semantic proto-role: a cluster of properties associated with how a participant is affected in an event.
Prototype methods - Prototype methods are machine-learning approaches that represent categories or patterns through selected or learned representative examples, called prototypes.
Prototypical network - A prototypical network is a few-shot classification method that learns an embedding space and represents each class by the mean embedding of its labeled...
Provisioning - Provisioning is the process of making required computing resources or access available and configuring them for use.
Proximal algorithm - A proximal algorithm is an optimization method built around proximal operators, which balance reducing a function against staying near a supplied point.
Proximal gradient methods for learning - Proximal gradient methods are optimization algorithms that combine a gradient step for a smooth part of an objective with a proximal step for another part...
Proximal operator - A proximal operator maps a point to the minimizer of a function plus a quadratic penalty for moving away from that point.
Proximal policy optimization - Proximal policy optimization, or PPO, is a family of policy-gradient methods designed to improve a decision policy while discouraging excessively large...
Proximity search (text) - Proximity search in text retrieves passages or documents in which specified terms occur near one another under a defined positional rule.
Proximity weighting - Proximity weighting is a search-ranking technique that gives weight to how close query terms appear to one another in a document.
Proxy labels - Proxy labels are stand-in labels used for training when the true outcome you care about cannot be observed directly, so a related, measurable quantity is...
Proxy metric - A proxy metric is a measurable quantity used as an indirect indicator of an outcome or quality that is harder to measure directly.
Proxy (sensitive attributes) - A proxy for a sensitive attribute is another variable that serves as a stand-in for that attribute.
Pruning - Pruning means removing or skipping parts of a search space or learned structure according to a rule.
Pseudo-anonymization (pseudonymization) - Pseudonymization is processing that replaces or separates identifying information so that records cannot be attributed to a particular person without...
Pseudocolumn - A pseudocolumn is a database-provided value that can be referenced in certain SQL contexts much like a column, although it is not an ordinary stored column...
Pseudocontractive operator - A pseudocontractive operator is a mapping T on a Hilbert space, or a suitable subset, for which ||Tx−Ty||² ≤ ||x−y||² + ||(I−T)x−(I−T)y||² for every pair of...
Pseudocounts - Pseudocounts are quantities added to observed event counts when estimating probabilities.
Pseudoinverse - A pseudoinverse is a generalized matrix inverse that can be defined even when a matrix is rectangular or singular.
Pseudomedian - The pseudomedian is a measure of location defined as the median of the average of two independent observations from the same population.
Pseudoreplication - Pseudoreplication occurs when an analysis treats observations as independent replications of an effect even though the study design does not support that...
Pseudotransitive Rule - The pseudotransitive rule is an inference rule for functional dependencies: if X determines Y, and Y together with W determines Z, then X together with W...
Pseudoword - A pseudoword, in the NLP evaluation sense used here, is an artificial ambiguous item formed by combining an original word with one or more alternatives.
Psychological reasoning - Psychological reasoning, in symbolic AI, is reasoning about agents in terms of what they know, believe, want, intend, and are likely to do.
PTRANS - PTRANS is a primitive action in Roger Schank's Conceptual Dependency theory representing a change in the physical location of an object.
Pulse-coupled networks - Pulse-coupled networks are networks of interacting units that influence one another through pulses.
Pure function - A pure function is a function whose output depends only on its inputs and which has no side effects: given the same inputs it always returns the same result...
Pure Monte Carlo search - Pure Monte Carlo search evaluates candidate moves by running simulated continuations, or playouts, and comparing their average outcomes.
Pure strategy - A pure strategy is a complete, deterministic plan specifying which action a player will choose at each of that player's decision situations in a game.
Pure symbol - A pure symbol is a propositional variable that appears with only one polarity in the relevant clauses of a satisfiability problem: always unnegated or...