Probability Ranking Principle - The Probability Ranking Principle (PRP) says that, under its stated relevance and utility assumptions, documents should be ranked by decreasing probability...
Probability simplex - The probability simplex is the set of all vectors whose components are nonnegative and sum to one.
Probability space - A probability space is the mathematical structure used to describe uncertain outcomes and assign probabilities consistently.
Probability theory - Probability theory is the mathematical study of uncertainty using probabilities, events, random variables, and distributions.
Probably approximately correct - Probably approximately correct, usually abbreviated PAC, describes a mathematical learning guarantee.
Probalistic imputation - Probalistic imputation is the supplied glossary spelling for an imputation rule that partly depends on an external randomization process.
Probing - Probing is a method for investigating what information can be recovered from a model's internal representations.
Probit model - A probit model is a regression model for a binary outcome that relates its probability to predictors through the standard normal cumulative distribution...
Problem formulation - Problem formulation is the process of turning a goal into a precise problem that an AI method can solve.
Problem generator - A problem generator is the part of a learning-agent architecture that proposes actions intended to produce useful new experience.
Problem-solving agent - A problem-solving agent is an agent that works toward a goal by searching: it imagines sequences of actions, evaluates where they lead, and chooses a...
Procedural attachment - Procedural attachment connects a symbol or query in a knowledge-based reasoning system to an executable procedure.
Procedural memory - Procedural memory, in an AI agent, is the stored knowledge of how to do things: reusable routines, skills and rules for carrying out tasks, as distinct from...
Procedural reasoning system - A procedural reasoning system, or PRS, is an AI architecture for selecting and carrying out procedures while responding to a changing environment.
Processing Bias - Processing bias, in the sense used by this source entry, concerns how the ease and effectiveness of processing information can influence feelings and...
Proctor survey - A proctor survey is a survey administered to respondents gathered in a room with a person who supervises its administration.
Product of experts - A product of experts is a probabilistic model that combines several component models by multiplying their scores for the same possible outcome and then...
Product rule - The product rule in probability calculates the chance that two events both occur by multiplying the probability of one event by the conditional probability...
Production (computer science) - A production is a rule in a formal grammar that specifies how symbols may be replaced or expanded.
Productions - Productions are rules in a formal grammar that specify how grammatical symbols can be expanded or rewritten.
Productization - Productization is the process of turning an AI capability, prototype, or research result into a usable and supportable product or service.
Profiling - Profiling, in the personal-data and AI context, is automated processing that evaluates or predicts aspects of an individual, such as preferences, behavior...
Program dependence graph - A program dependence graph, or PDG, is a directed representation of the data and control dependencies between elements of a program.
Programming by example - Programming by example is an approach to creating programs in which a user supplies examples of the desired behavior and a system infers a program...
Progression planning - Progression planning searches forward from an initial state by applying actions whose preconditions are satisfied and calculating their effects.
Projected gradient descent - Projected gradient descent is an optimization method that combines a gradient step with a projection onto a feasible set.
Projection filters - Projection filters are approximate nonlinear filtering methods that represent an evolving conditional probability distribution within a chosen...
Projection pursuit - Projection pursuit is a family of methods that searches for low-dimensional linear projections of multivariate data that score highly on a chosen measure of...
Projection pursuit regression - Projection pursuit regression, or PPR, models a numerical response as a sum of flexible functions of linear combinations of predictors.
Projective Rule - The projective rule, also called the decomposition rule for functional dependencies, states that if X determines a set of attributes Y together with Z, then...
Promoter based genetic algorithm - The promoter based genetic algorithm, or PBGA, is a neuroevolution method that uses promoter-like switches to control which encoded neural units are...
Prompt - A prompt is input supplied to a generative AI model to guide the output it produces.
Prompt-based learning - Prompt-based learning uses prompts to guide a pretrained model toward a task or desired behavior.
Prompt chaining - Prompt chaining connects multiple model calls so that an earlier call's output becomes part of a later call's input.
Prompt engineering - Prompt engineering is the deliberate design and testing of instructions given to an AI model.
Prompt injection - Prompt injection is an attack that tries to make an AI application treat untrusted input as instructions that override or redirect its authorized task.
Prompt management - Prompt management is the organized process of storing, maintaining, testing and deploying prompts used by an AI application.
Prompt set - A prompt set is a collection of prompts used to evaluate a language model or an AI application.
Prompt tuning - Prompt tuning is a parameter-efficient adaptation method that learns continuous prompt vectors while keeping the underlying pretrained model fixed.
Prompt versioning - Prompt versioning is the practice of preserving identifiable revisions of a prompt or prompt template as it changes.
Pronoun - A pronoun is a grammatical expression that can serve a noun-like role without naming its referent in the same way as a full noun phrase.
Pronunciation assessment - Pronunciation assessment is the evaluation of how speech is pronounced according to a stated purpose and set of criteria.
Proof - A proof is a justified derivation showing that a conclusion follows from stated assumptions under accepted rules of reasoning.
Proof by Contradiction - Proof by contradiction is a reasoning method that establishes a claim by assuming its negation and deriving an impossibility from that assumption and...
Proof-number search - Proof-number search is a best-first search method for proving or disproving a proposition represented by an AND - OR tree.
Propensity scores - Propensity scores are the probabilities of receiving a particular treatment or exposure conditional on observed pretreatment characteristics.
Proper accuracy scoring rule - A proper accuracy scoring rule evaluates probability forecasts so that reporting the true outcome probabilities achieves the best expected score.
Proper generalized decomposition - Proper generalized decomposition, or PGD, is a numerical modeling approach that approximates a solution as a sum of products of simpler functions.