Chi-squared distribution - The chi-squared distribution is a family of continuous probability distributions used to describe certain sums of squared standardized quantities.
Choice set - A choice set is the collection of alternatives available to a decision-maker for a particular decision.
Class interval - A class interval is a defined range of numerical values used to group observations in a frequency table or histogram.
Clifford's method - Clifford's method is a median-based procedure for calculating robust control limits for an individuals control chart.
Clinical trial - A clinical trial is a research study that prospectively assigns people, or groups of people, to one or more health-related interventions to evaluate their...
Close-ended question - A close-ended question is a question that asks respondents to choose from a defined set of answers rather than compose an unrestricted response.
Cluster-randomized controlled trial - A cluster-randomized controlled trial assigns groups, rather than individual people, at random to intervention or comparison conditions.
Cluster-weighted modeling - Cluster-weighted modeling is a probabilistic approach that represents the joint distribution of inputs and outputs as a mixture of local models.
Cochran - Mantel - Haenszel statistics - Cochran - Mantel - Haenszel statistics are a family of methods for assessing association between categorical variables while accounting for specified strata.
Cochran's C test - Cochran's C test is an upper-tail variance-outlier test that examines whether the largest of several sample variances is unusually large relative to their...
Cochran's Q test - Cochran's Q test compares success probabilities across three or more related conditions when each response is binary.
Code-break procedure - A code-break procedure is a documented process for revealing a blinded trial participant's assigned intervention when authorized circumstances require it.
Coefficient of multiple correlation - The coefficient of multiple correlation, usually written R, measures the strength of the linear relationship between one outcome and its best linear...
Cohen's h - Cohen's h is an effect-size measure for the difference between two proportions after applying an arcsine-square-root transformation.
Cohort - A cohort is a group of people or other data units that share a defined characteristic or experience.
Cohort study - A cohort study follows a defined group of people or other units over time to observe outcomes, often comparing groups with different exposures or...
Cointegration - Cointegration is a relationship in which nonstationary time series share a linear combination that is stationary, under the relevant integration framework.
Collinearity - Collinearity is a linear dependence or near-dependence among predictor variables.
Combinations - Combinations are selections in which order does not matter.
Combinatorics - Combinatorics is the branch of mathematics concerned with discrete structures, including how to count, arrange and select objects and how to establish that...
Common cause - A common cause is a source of variation that forms part of the usual operation of a process.
Common source bias - Common source bias is distortion in a measured relationship that arises because the variables are obtained from the same information source.
Commonality analysis - Commonality analysis decomposes the variance accounted for by a regression model into components associated uniquely with individual predictors and...
Compact letter display - A compact letter display is a concise way to encode the outcomes of a set of pairwise statistical comparisons using letters beside group estimates.
Compact model - A compact model is a small machine-learning model designed to operate on devices with limited computational resources, such as phones, tablets or embedded...
Comparative trial - A comparative trial is a study that compares two or more treatment or intervention groups to evaluate differences in outcomes.
Complement Naive Bayes - Complement Naive Bayes, or CNB, is a classification method derived from multinomial naive Bayes that estimates each class's weights using examples outside...
Completely randomized design - A completely randomized design is an experimental design in which treatments are assigned to experimental units using a random allocation procedure without...
Component analysis (statistics) - Component analysis, in the treatment-evaluation sense used here, systematically investigates the elements of an intervention package to understand their...
Compound symmetry - Compound symmetry is a covariance structure in which all measurements have the same variance and every distinct pair has the same covariance.
Computational statistics - Computational statistics develops and applies algorithms for statistical analysis, especially when estimates, uncertainty measures, or model calculations...
Computer Assisted Survey Information Collection - Computer Assisted Survey Information Collection, usually abbreviated CASIC, is an umbrella term for using computers to support survey data collection and...
Concordant pairs - Concordant pairs are pairs of observations whose ordering agrees on two variables.
Conditional distribution - A conditional distribution describes how a variable is distributed when specified information about another variable or event is given.
Conditional means - Conditional means are the expected values of a variable for specified values or conditions of another variable or set of variables.
Conditional odds - Conditional odds express the probability of an event relative to the probability of its complement, given specified information.
Conditional probability - Conditional probability is the probability of an event or statement given specified information.
Conditional probability distribution - A conditional probability distribution specifies the probabilities of possible outcomes after particular information is given.
Conditional probability table - A conditional probability table, or CPT, is a tabular representation of a discrete variable's probability distribution for each specified combination of...
Confidence interval - A confidence interval is a range calculated from data by a procedure designed to cover an unknown population quantity at a stated rate over repeated...
Confidence values - Confidence values are scores that an AI or statistical system attaches to predictions, extracted information, or other outputs to express estimated...
Conformal prediction - Conformal prediction is a framework for constructing prediction sets or intervals with finite-sample coverage guarantees under specified conditions...
Confounded - Variables or effects are confounded when their contributions cannot be distinguished adequately in the comparison or design being used.
Confounding - Confounding is a source of bias that can distort the interpretation of an observed association as a causal effect.
Conjoint analysis - Conjoint analysis is a family of methods for studying how people evaluate alternatives described by several attributes.
Constellation model - A constellation model is a probabilistic, part-based model for recognizing object categories in images.
Contingency coefficient - The contingency coefficient, usually meaning Pearson's contingency coefficient C, is a nonnegative measure of association between categorical variables...