Binary regression - Binary regression models the relationship between explanatory variables and an outcome with two possible values, commonly encoded as zero and one.
Binomial distribution - The binomial distribution describes the number of successes in a fixed number of independent trials when each trial has two possible outcomes and the same...
Binomial test - A binomial test assesses a specified probability of success using a count of successes in a fixed number of independent binary trials with a common success...
Birnbaum's theorem - Birnbaum's theorem is a foundational statistical result linking the sufficiency principle, the conditionality principle and the likelihood principle.
Bisecting K-Means - Bisecting K-Means is a divisive clustering method that repeatedly splits one existing cluster into two using K-Means until the requested number of clusters...
Biserial correlation - Biserial correlation estimates the association between a continuous variable and an underlying continuous variable that has been observed only as two...
Bispectrum - The bispectrum is a third-order frequency-domain description of a signal or random process.
Bivariate analysis - Bivariate analysis examines two variables together to describe or investigate their relationship.
Bivariate normal model - A bivariate normal model describes two random variables jointly using a two-dimensional normal distribution.
Black box model - A black box model is a model whose internal process for producing outputs is difficult for people to understand.
Blinded experiment - A blinded experiment withholds specified information about experimental conditions from people whose knowledge could influence behavior, measurement or...
Block design - A block design is an arrangement of elements into subsets, called blocks, with specified incidence properties.
Blocking - Blocking is an experimental-design technique that groups comparable experimental units before treatments are assigned.
Bonferroni inequality - The Bonferroni inequality, in the sense used here, states that the probability of at least one of several events occurring cannot exceed the sum of their...
Bonferroni test - A Bonferroni test is a multiple-testing procedure that controls the probability of making at least one false rejection across a specified family of...
Bootstrap - The bootstrap is a statistical resampling method used to approximate how an estimate would vary across repeated samples.
Bootstrap confidence interval - A bootstrap confidence interval is an uncertainty interval for a population quantity constructed using repeated resampling and recalculation of a statistic.
Bootstrap error-adjusted single-sample technique - The bootstrap error-adjusted single-sample technique, abbreviated BEST and sometimes BEAST, is a specialized nonparametric method for assessing how a new...
Bootstrap test - A bootstrap test uses resampling to approximate the reference distribution needed for a statistical hypothesis test.
Box - Behnken design - A Box - Behnken design is a response-surface experimental design used to fit quadratic relationships between quantitative factors and an outcome.
Box's M test - Box's M test is a statistical test of whether several populations have the same covariance matrix.
Bradley-Terry Model - The Bradley-Terry model is a probabilistic model for pairwise comparisons.
Breusch - Godfrey test - The Breusch - Godfrey test is a regression diagnostic for serial correlation in the model's errors up to a specified lag order.
Breusch - Pagan test - The Breusch - Pagan test is a regression diagnostic for heteroskedasticity: error variance that changes with specified explanatory variables.
Brown - Forsythe test - The Brown - Forsythe test commonly means a median-centered version of Levene's test for equality of population variances across groups.
Brunner-Munzel test - The Brunner-Munzel test compares two independent populations through the probability that a randomly selected observation from one exceeds an observation...
Brushing - Brushing is an interactive data-exploration technique in which a user selects and highlights observations in a chart.
C+-probability - C+-probability is the probability that a specified contrast variable is strictly positive.
Calibrated probability assessment - Calibrated probability assessment is the practice of expressing uncertainty with probabilities or ranges whose stated confidence agrees with observed...
Canonical Correlation Analysis - Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) finds pairs of linear combinations from two sets of variables that are as strongly correlated as possible.
Canonical distribution - In the Bayesian-network sense used in the AIMA material, a canonical distribution is a structured, compact form for a node's conditional probability...
Capability index, Cpk - The capability index Cpk compares the distance from a process mean to its nearer specification limit with three process standard deviations.
Capability study - A capability study investigates the common-cause variability of a process: the variation associated with its ordinary operating system rather than a...
Carryover effect - A carryover effect occurs when an earlier treatment, condition or experience continues to influence a later measurement.
Case-control study - A case-control study selects people or other units according to whether they have an outcome of interest, then compares their prior exposures or...
Categorical Naive Bayes - Categorical Naive Bayes is a classification method that models each input feature as a categorical variable and combines its class-conditional probabilities...
Cause-effect diagram - A cause-effect diagram is a visual tool for organizing possible contributors to a clearly defined problem or outcome.
Cell - In statistics, a cell is a particular combination of categories or factor levels, commonly represented by the intersection of a row and a column.
Censoring - Censoring occurs when an observation provides only partial information about a value, such as knowing that an event time exceeds a recorded follow-up time.
Census - A census is a statistical collection that seeks information from every unit in a defined population, rather than selecting only a sample of those units.
Centering - Centering transforms a variable by subtracting a reference value from each observation, most commonly the variable's mean.
Centerpoint - A centerpoint is an experimental run with quantitative factors set at the middle of their selected low and high settings.
Central composite design - A central composite design (CCD) is an experimental design for fitting a second-order response surface.
CERNO test - The CERNO test, short for Coincident Extreme Ranks in Numerical Observations, is a rank-based enrichment test.
Chain linking - Chain linking constructs an index or volume series by connecting changes measured between successive periods.
Chauvenet's criterion - Chauvenet's criterion is a traditional rule for flagging an unusually distant observation under an assumed normal distribution.
Chen distribution - The Chen distribution is a continuous probability model for positive lifetimes that can represent either increasing or bathtub-shaped hazard rates.
Chi-square test - A chi-square test is a statistical hypothesis test that compares a calculated statistic with a chi-squared reference distribution.