Coarse-to-fine warping - Coarse-to-fine warping is a multiscale image-matching procedure that repeatedly transforms one image using a current motion estimate and then estimates the...
Cochran - Mantel - Haenszel statistics - Cochran - Mantel - Haenszel statistics are a family of methods for assessing association between categorical variables while accounting for specified strata.
Cochran's C test - Cochran's C test is an upper-tail variance-outlier test that examines whether the largest of several sample variances is unusually large relative to their...
Cochran's Q test - Cochran's Q test compares success probabilities across three or more related conditions when each response is binary.
Codd's 12 rules - Codd's 12 rules are criteria proposed by relational-database pioneer Edgar F.
Code-break procedure - A code-break procedure is a documented process for revealing a blinded trial participant's assigned intervention when authorized circumstances require it.
Code-excited linear prediction - Code-excited linear prediction, or CELP, is a speech-coding approach that represents speech using a predictive synthesis filter driven by a selected...
Code point - A code point is a numerical position in a coded character set. In Unicode, code points run from U+0000 to U+10FFFF.
Code switching - Code switching is the use of more than one language or language variety within a conversation, message or utterance.
Codebook - A codebook is a defined collection of representations identified by codes or indices.
Codec - A codec is a method or implementation for encoding and decoding a signal, commonly to store or transmit it efficiently.
Coded aperture - A coded aperture is a deliberately patterned opening or mask that changes how light reaches an imaging sensor.
Coding tree unit - A coding tree unit, or CTU, is a top-level picture-partitioning unit used in video coding, notably HEVC.
Coefficient matrix - A coefficient matrix is the rectangular array of numbers multiplying the variables in a system of linear equations.
Coefficient of determination - The coefficient of determination, usually written R², compares a regression model's squared prediction errors with the squared deviations of the observed...
Coefficient of multiple correlation - The coefficient of multiple correlation, usually written R, measures the strength of the linear relationship between one outcome and its best linear...
Coefficient of variation - The coefficient of variation, or CV, is the standard deviation divided by the mean.
Cognitive architectures - Cognitive architectures are general frameworks that specify how components such as memory, perception, reasoning, learning, and action selection work...
Cognitive automation - Cognitive automation is automation of work that involves interpreting varied information, such as reading documents, understanding requests or making...
Cognitive Bias - A cognitive bias is a systematic pattern in judgment or decision-making that can lead people away from an appropriate evaluation of evidence.
Cognitive computing - Cognitive computing is a broad term for computing approaches intended to support tasks associated with human cognition, such as interpreting language...
Cognitive map - A cognitive map is an internal representation of relationships in an environment that helps a person or animal orient, reason or plan.
Cognitive robotics - Cognitive robotics is the study and engineering of robots that connect perception, learning, reasoning and action to operate adaptively in their surroundings.
Cognitive science - Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary study of mind, cognition, and intelligent behavior.
Cohen's h - Cohen's h is an effect-size measure for the difference between two proportions after applying an arcsine-square-root transformation.
Cohen's kappa - Cohen's kappa is a statistic measuring agreement between two raters who assign categorical labels to the same items, adjusted for agreement expected under a...
Coherent extrapolated volition - Coherent extrapolated volition, or CEV, is a proposal in AI-alignment thinking that an advanced AI should be guided by what people would collectively want...
Cohort - A cohort is a group of people or other data units that share a defined characteristic or experience.
Cohort study - A cohort study follows a defined group of people or other units over time to observe outcomes, often comparing groups with different exposures or...
Cointegration - Cointegration is a relationship in which nonstationary time series share a linear combination that is stationary, under the relevant integration framework.
Cold languages - Cold languages is a metaphorical label used in some linguistic discussions for languages with relatively sparse explicit reference, where listeners often...
Cold start (recommender systems) - Cold start in recommender systems is the difficulty of making useful recommendations when there is little or no relevant interaction history.
Collaborative filtering - Collaborative filtering is a recommendation approach that learns from patterns of interaction between users and items.
Collapsed Gibbs sampling - Collapsed Gibbs sampling is a Markov chain Monte Carlo method that integrates some unknown variables out of a probability model, then repeatedly samples the...
Collective operation - A collective operation is a communication operation involving a defined group of processes in a parallel program.
Collider - A collider is a variable on a causal path where two arrowheads meet, as in X→Z←Y.
Collinearity - Collinearity is a linear dependence or near-dependence among predictor variables.
Collocation (remote sensing) - Collocation in remote sensing is the matching of observations from different sources so that they can be compared as measurements of sufficiently...
Cologne phonetics - Cologne phonetics, also called Kölner Phonetik, is a phonetic coding method designed for German-language text.
Color difference (R−G, B−G) - Color difference signals R−G and B−G represent the red and blue channel values relative to the green channel at the same image location.
Color filter array (CFA) - A color filter array, or CFA, is a spatial pattern of tiny optical filters associated with an image sensor's photosites.
Color fringing - Color fringing is an unwanted colored border or halo around an image feature, often most visible at a high-contrast edge.
Color gamut - A color gamut is the range of colors that a device, medium or defined color representation can reproduce or represent under specified conditions.
Color grading - Color grading is the deliberate adjustment of an image's color and tonal appearance to support a consistent visual style, mood or storytelling purpose.
Color histogram - A color histogram summarizes how frequently different colors, or ranges of color values, occur in an image or selected region.
Color layout descriptor - A color layout descriptor is a compact representation of where broad colors occur within an image.
Color models - Color models are mathematical ways of describing color through components or coordinates.