Supporting hyperplane - A supporting hyperplane is a flat boundary that passes through a boundary point of a set while leaving the entire set on one side.
Suppressor variable - A suppressor variable is a predictor whose inclusion in a regression improves the predictive contribution of another predictor by accounting for variation...
Supremum (or least upper bound) - The supremum of a set of real numbers is its least upper bound: the smallest number that is at least as large as every member of the set.
SUPS - SUPS stands for synaptic updates per second, a throughput measure used in neural simulation and some neural computing contexts.
Surely expanded nodes - Surely expanded nodes are search nodes that standard A* must expand before it can terminate with an optimal solution under the relevant search assumptions.
Surrogate data testing - Surrogate data testing is a hypothesis-testing approach that compares a statistic from observed data with values computed from artificial datasets generated...
Surrogate key - A surrogate key is an identifier introduced by a data system to identify a record independently of its business attributes.
Surrogate loss - A surrogate loss is an alternative training objective used in place of a task loss that is difficult to optimize directly.
Surrogate model - A surrogate model is a simpler or cheaper model used to approximate the behavior of another system, model, experiment, or computational process.
Surveillance capitalism - Surveillance capitalism is a critical framework, strongly associated with scholar Shoshana Zuboff, for analyzing business models that turn human activity...
Survey - A survey is a planned process for collecting information about a population through observations or responses from its units.
Survey errors - Survey errors are discrepancies or uncertainties that can arise when a survey's results differ from the quantities it is intended to measure.
Survey propagation - Survey propagation is a message-passing method developed for difficult constraint-satisfaction problems, especially certain random satisfiability instances.
Survival analysis - Survival analysis is the branch of statistics concerned with time until a defined event.
Survival function - A survival function gives the probability that an event time exceeds a specified time. For an event time T, the usual definition is S(t) = P(T > t).
Survival time - Survival time is the elapsed time from a defined starting point to a specified event.
Survivorship Bias - Survivorship bias occurs when analysis focuses on cases that remain visible after a selection process while overlooking cases that did not make it through.
SUSAN corner finder - The SUSAN corner finder is a classical image feature detector that identifies candidate corners by examining how much of a local neighborhood has brightness...
SWARM ROBOTICS - SWARM ROBOTICS studies how groups of robots can produce useful collective behavior through interactions among their members and with the environment.
SWIM Protocol - SWIM is a distributed group-membership protocol whose name expands to Scalable Weakly-consistent Infection-style Process Group Membership.
Swish Function - The Swish function is a neural-network activation that multiplies an input by a sigmoid gate. Its parameterized form is Swish(x) = x × sigmoid(beta × x).
Switching Hidden Markov Model - A switching hidden Markov model describes a sequence by switching among the outputs of several hidden Markov models.
Switching Kalman filter - A switching Kalman filter estimates a continuous hidden state when a discrete mode can change the system's dynamics or observation model.
Sycophancy - Sycophancy in an AI assistant is a tendency to agree with, flatter, or accommodate a user's stated views at the expense of an independent, evidence-based...
Syllabification - Syllabification is the process of dividing a spoken form, or a representation of that form, into syllables.
Syllable - A syllable is a unit of spoken language organized around a central nucleus, usually a vowel, with optional surrounding consonants.
Symbol level - The symbol level is a way of describing a computing system in terms of its representations and the operations that manipulate them.
Symbolic artificial intelligence - Symbolic artificial intelligence is an approach to AI that represents information using explicit symbols and structured expressions, then applies defined...
Symbolic data analysis - Symbolic data analysis is a statistical approach for observations described by richer values such as sets, intervals or distributions, rather than only...
Symbolic differentiation - Symbolic differentiation is the process of deriving an exact mathematical expression for a derivative by applying calculus rules to a symbolic formula.
Symbolic linguistic representation - A symbolic linguistic representation describes language using explicit labels, categories and relationships with defined interpretations.
Symbolic-numeric computation - Symbolic-numeric computation combines algebraic manipulation with numerical calculation in one mathematical workflow.
Symbolic regression - Symbolic regression is a machine learning task that searches for mathematical expressions that fit data.
Symmetric distribution - A symmetric distribution has the same probability pattern on either side of a central value.
Symmetric matrix - A real symmetric matrix is a square matrix that equals its transpose.
Symmetric multiprocessing - Symmetric multiprocessing, or SMP, is an organization in which multiple peer processors operate under one operating-system instance and share access to main...
Symmetric relationships - Symmetric relationships, in the log-linear modeling sense used here, are associations among categorical variables analyzed jointly without designating one...
Symmetric stochastic neighbor embedding - Symmetric stochastic neighbor embedding is a method for arranging high-dimensional observations in a low-dimensional map by matching symmetric probabilities...
Symmetrically Connected Network - A symmetrically connected network is a neural network in which the connection weight from unit i to unit j equals the weight from j to i.
Symmetry-breaking constraint - A symmetry-breaking constraint is an additional rule in a search or optimization model that removes some equivalent solutions while preserving at least one...
Symmetry reduction - Symmetry reduction is a technique for reducing computation by treating configurations that differ only through a valid symmetry as equivalent.
Synaptic weight - A synaptic weight describes the strength of influence that one neuron or computational unit has on another.
Synchronization - Synchronization is the coordination of concurrent activities so that they access shared resources or pass important stages in a controlled relationship.
Synchronous context-free grammar - A synchronous context-free grammar is a formal grammar that generates linked pairs of structures or strings.
Synonym (database) - A database synonym is an alternative name for another database object, such as a table, view or stored procedure, in a system that supports this feature.
Synonyms - Synonyms are words or expressions with the same or closely similar meanings in a particular sense or context.