Preference independence - Preference independence, also called preferential independence, means that the ranking of alternatives on a specified set of attributes does not change when...
Preference learning - Preference learning uses observed or stated preferences to learn how alternatives should be compared, ranked or selected.
Preference regression - Preference regression models preference or liking scores as a function of product attributes or perceptual dimensions.
Preferential Bayesian optimization - Preferential Bayesian optimization is a sequential search method that uses comparisons between alternatives to seek a preferred solution.
Preferential entailment - Preferential entailment is a way of drawing conclusions by considering the preferred, or most normal, possibilities compatible with the current information.
Prefilter (anti-aliasing) - An anti-aliasing prefilter reduces signal content that a subsequent sampling step cannot represent reliably.
Prefix - Prefix notation places an operator before its arguments. For example, +(4, 7) expresses the same addition as the infix expression 4 + 7.
Prefix code - A prefix code is a set of codewords in which no complete codeword is the beginning of another distinct codeword.
Prefix language modeling - Prefix language modeling trains a model to predict a continuation conditioned on an initial portion of text.
Preflow-Push - Preflow-push, also called push-relabel, is an algorithmic approach for finding a maximum flow from a source to a sink in a capacitated network.
Preimage - A preimage is an input, or a set of inputs, that maps to a specified output under a function.
Premise - A premise is a statement used as a starting point for reasoning.
Prepared statement - A prepared statement is a database statement whose structure is prepared for execution and can be executed with separately supplied parameter values.
Prepositions - Prepositions are adpositions that come before the phrases they accompany. They help express relationships such as location, direction, time, and association.
Preprocessing - Preprocessing is the preparation and transformation of data before it is used by a model or another analysis step.
Prescriptive analytics - Prescriptive analytics uses data, models and decision rules to recommend actions for a stated objective while accounting for constraints and trade-offs.
Presentation Bias - Presentation bias is a distortion in behavior or resulting data caused by how information is displayed.
Presequences - Presequences are preliminary conversational exchanges that prepare for a possible subsequent action, such as a request, invitation, offer, or announcement.
PRESS statistic - The PRESS statistic, commonly expanded as prediction or predicted residual sum of squares, sums squared prediction errors obtained by leaving each...
Pretokenization - Pretokenization is an initial division of text into pieces before a tokenizer applies its vocabulary or subword segmentation method.
Prevalence threshold - Prevalence threshold is a term introduced by Jacques Balayla for a particular geometric point on the curve relating prevalence to positive predictive value...
Prim's algorithm - Prim's algorithm finds a minimum spanning tree of a connected, weighted, undirected graph.
Primary key - A primary key is the column or combination of columns chosen to identify each row of a table uniquely.
Prime Attribute - A prime attribute is an attribute that belongs to at least one candidate key of a relation.
Principal component analysis - Principal component analysis, or PCA, transforms numerical variables into new, mutually perpendicular directions ordered by how much variation they capture.
Principal component regression - Principal component regression, abbreviated PCR, predicts an outcome using selected principal-component scores derived from the predictors.
Principal curve - A principal curve is a smooth one-dimensional curve that threads through the center of a cloud of data, generalizing the straight line of principal...
Principal response curve - A principal response curve, or PRC, summarizes treatment-related changes in several response variables over time relative to a reference treatment or control.
Principal stratification - Principal stratification is a causal-inference framework that defines groups using the joint potential values of a post-treatment variable under each...
Principle of contrast - The principle of contrast is the linguistic idea that a difference in form corresponds to some difference in meaning or communicative use.
Principle of indifference - The principle of indifference assigns equal probabilities to alternatives when the available information provides no reason to favor one over another.
Principle of marginality - The principle of marginality is a model-specification guideline that generally retains lower-order terms when a model includes higher-order terms built from...
Principle of maximum caliber - The principle of maximum caliber, often called MaxCal, infers a probability distribution over dynamical paths by maximizing path entropy subject to...
Prior belief - A prior belief is what a model or an analyst is prepared to believe before seeing the current data: the starting assumption that evidence then updates...
Prior distribution - A prior distribution represents uncertainty about unknown parameters or other model quantities before incorporating the particular data used in the current...
Prior-independent mechanism - A prior-independent mechanism is an allocation and payment rule designed without knowing the exact probability distribution of participants' private...
Prior probability - Prior probability is the probability assigned to an event or hypothesis before incorporating a specified new piece of evidence.
Prior (regularizer) - A prior is a model's probability distribution or preference over possible solutions before incorporating the current observation.
Prioritized circumscription - Prioritized circumscription is a form of nonmonotonic reasoning that assigns precedence to predicates being minimized.
Prioritized experience replay - Prioritized experience replay is a reinforcement-learning technique that samples some stored experiences more often than others according to an estimate of...
Prioritized sweeping - Prioritized sweeping is a model-based reinforcement-learning and planning technique that concentrates value updates on states likely to be affected by...
Priority queue - A priority queue is a data structure that returns the item with the best priority according to a specified ordering.
Privacy - Privacy concerns people's interests in how information about them and their lives is observed, collected, inferred, used and shared.
Privacy attack - A privacy attack is an attempt to learn protected information by exploiting a system's data, behavior or accessible outputs.
Privacy-by-design - Privacy by design is an approach that integrates privacy into the purpose, architecture, operation and lifecycle of a system from the outset.
Privacy-enhancing technology - A privacy-enhancing technology, or PET, is a technical method that helps reduce privacy risks by limiting data exposure, enabling protected computation or...
Privacy funnel - The privacy funnel is an information-theoretic approach to transforming data so that the released representation retains useful information while revealing...