Pivoted document length normalization - Pivoted document length normalization is a retrieval-scoring technique that adjusts how document length affects a score around a chosen reference point...
Pixel connectivity - Pixel connectivity is the rule used to decide which neighboring pixels can belong to the same connected region.
Pixel-shift - Pixel-shift imaging combines multiple exposures captured with deliberate small shifts of the sensor or sampling position.
Place of articulation - Place of articulation describes where the main constriction or contact occurs in the vocal tract when a speech sound is produced.
Placebo-controlled study - A placebo-controlled study compares an intervention with a placebo: a comparison intervention designed to resemble it while omitting the specific active...
Plackett - Burman design - A Plackett - Burman design is a family of economical two-level experimental designs used mainly to screen many candidate factors for influential main effects.
Plackett-Luce model - The Plackett - Luce model is a probability model for rankings that assigns each item a positive worth and represents an ordering as successive choices from...
Plan-and-solve - Plan-and-solve is a prompting approach where the model is asked to plan its attack on a problem first, then execute the plan step by step, instead of...
Plan monitoring - Plan monitoring is checking whether the remaining part of an agent's current plan can still achieve its intended goal given the latest relevant information.
Plan recognition - Plan recognition is the task of inferring an agent's possible plans from observations of its behavior and relevant context.
Planar (CHW) layout - Planar CHW layout represents an image with channel, height and width dimensions in that order.
Planar Drawing - A planar drawing represents a graph in the plane with distinct points for vertices and edges that meet only at shared endpoints.
Planarity - Planarity is the property of a graph that allows it to be drawn in a plane without edges crossing, except where they meet at shared endpoints.
Planning and control layer - The planning and control layer is the part of a robot architecture that converts goals and an estimated world state into planned motion and executable...
Planning graph - A planning graph is a layered data structure that summarizes which facts and actions may become available as a planning problem progresses.
Plate notation - Plate notation is a compact way to draw probabilistic graphical models with repeated structure.
Platt scaling - Platt scaling is a probability-calibration method that fits a logistic, or sigmoid, mapping from a classifier's score to an estimated class probability.
Platykurtic - Platykurtic describes a distribution whose kurtosis is below the normal distribution's value of 3, or equivalently whose excess kurtosis is below zero.
Playout - A playout is a simulated continuation from a game state to an outcome, with moves selected according to a specified policy.
Playout policy - A playout policy is the rule used to choose actions during a simulated continuation of a decision process, especially beyond the explicitly explored part of...
Plenoptic function - The plenoptic function is a mathematical description of the light available along viewing directions from positions in space, across wavelength and time.
PLM - PLM stands for pretrained language model: a language model whose parameters have already been learned through an earlier training stage before it is used or...
Ply - A ply is one move by a single player in a game, corresponding to one action step down a game tree under the usual convention.
Pocock boundary - A Pocock boundary is a group sequential testing boundary that uses a constant critical value on the standardized test-statistic scale across a planned set...
Pod slurping - Pod slurping is an informal security term for stealing data from a computer by copying it to a portable storage device.
Point biserial correlation ( r pb ) - Point biserial correlation, commonly written r_pb, measures the association between a binary variable and a numerical variable.
Point estimate - A point estimate is a single numerical value used to estimate an unknown quantity, such as a population mean, probability or model coefficient.
Point-in-Time Correct Joins - Point-in-time correct joins combine observations with feature values appropriate to each observation's reference time, rather than attaching whichever...
Point-in-time recovery - Point-in-time recovery, or PITR, restores a database to a recoverable state associated with a selected earlier point.
Point (range) operation - A point operation changes an image value using a mapping applied independently at each pixel location, without directly combining that pixel with...
Point sampling - Point sampling evaluates a signal at discrete positions or times to obtain sample values.
Point-set registration - Point-set registration estimates a transformation that aligns one collection of spatial points with another.
Point spread function - A point spread function, or PSF, describes how an imaging system represents an ideal point source.
Pointer-based model - A pointer-based model represents relationships through references that lead from one data object or record to another.
Pointer-generator network - A pointer-generator network produces output by combining a vocabulary-based generation distribution with a distribution that copies tokens from the input.
Pointer jumping - Pointer jumping is a parallel algorithmic technique that repeatedly replaces a link with a link farther along the same chain, often the current successor's...
Pointwise product - A pointwise product multiplies corresponding values of functions or arrays.
Poisson-Dirichlet distribution - The Poisson - Dirichlet distribution is a probability distribution over ranked sequences of nonnegative proportions that sum to one.
Poisson distribution - The Poisson distribution is a probability distribution for a count taking the values 0, 1, 2 and so on.
Poisson equation - The Poisson equation is a partial differential equation that relates the Laplacian of an unknown function to a specified source term.
Poisson (gradient-domain) blending - Poisson blending is a gradient-domain image-editing method that reconstructs pixel values inside a selected region while matching chosen local differences...
Poisson noise - Poisson noise is random variation modeled using a Poisson distribution, commonly associated with counts of independently occurring events over a fixed...
Poisson regression - Poisson regression models a nonnegative count outcome using a Poisson distribution whose mean depends on predictors.
Policy - A policy is a rule that determines how an agent selects actions from the information available to it.
Policy capturing - Policy capturing is a research method for describing how people combine information when making judgments or decisions.
Policy evaluation - Policy evaluation is the task of estimating how much future reward an agent can expect when it follows a specified policy.
Policy gradient - A policy gradient is the derivative of a policy's expected performance with respect to the parameters that control its action choices.
Policy-gradient baseline - A policy-gradient baseline is a reference quantity subtracted from a return or action-value estimate when forming a policy-gradient update.