Normal-gamma distribution - The normal-gamma distribution is a joint probability distribution for an unknown mean and an unknown positive precision.
Normal-inverse-Wishart distribution - The normal-inverse-Wishart distribution is a joint probability distribution for a mean vector and a covariance matrix.
Normal matrix - A normal matrix is a square matrix that commutes with its conjugate transpose: AA* = A*A.
Normal-Wishart distribution - The normal-Wishart distribution is a joint probability distribution for a mean vector and a precision matrix.
Normality - Normality is the property or modeling assumption that a relevant random quantity follows a normal, or Gaussian, distribution.
Normality in arrays - Normality in arrays is a traditional statistical term for the assumption that the distribution of a response Y is normal at each fixed value of a predictor X.
Normalization - Normalization is a transformation that puts values into a specified scale or mathematical form.
Normalization Algorithm - A normalization algorithm is a systematic procedure for constructing or decomposing relational schemas to satisfy a specified normal form under stated...
Normalized cross-correlation (NCC) - Normalized cross-correlation (NCC) measures the similarity of corresponding signal or image values after a normalization that reduces dependence on their...
Normalized cuts - Normalized cuts is a graph-partitioning approach that groups strongly connected items while penalizing connections broken between groups relative to each...
Normalized Discounted Cumulative Gain - Normalized Discounted Cumulative Gain, usually abbreviated NDCG, is a ranking metric that compares the relevance achieved by a predicted ordering with the...
Normalized utilities - Normalized utilities are utility values placed on a specified reference scale, commonly zero for a chosen worst outcome and one for a chosen best outcome.
Normalizing-flow Kalman filter - A normalizing-flow Kalman filter combines a linear Gaussian state-space model with an invertible transformation of its noisy observations.
Normed space - A normed space is a vector space equipped with a norm: a rule that measures the size of each vector consistently with addition and scalar multiplication.
Noun - A noun is a grammatical word class whose members commonly refer to people, places, objects, events, substances, or abstract concepts.
Noun phrase - A noun phrase is a grammatical constituent that behaves as a nominal unit, often built around a noun with optional determiners, modifiers, or complements.
Nouvelle AI - Nouvelle AI is a historically influential approach to artificial intelligence that emphasizes situated, embodied interaction and the development of useful...
Novelty detection - Novelty detection identifies new observations that differ substantially from a reference pattern learned from data treated as normal.
NP-complete - NP-complete describes a decision problem that is both in NP and NP-hard under the specified polynomial-time reductions.
NP-completeness - NP-completeness is the complexity-theoretic property of a decision problem that is both efficiently verifiable and at least as hard as every problem in NP...
NSynth - NSynth is a neural audio-synthesis research project that learns representations of musical notes and uses them to generate sound.
Nuisance function - A nuisance function is a function needed to estimate or make inferences about a target quantity, even though that function is not the primary object of...
Null distribution - A null distribution is the probability distribution of a test statistic under a specified null hypothesis and the accompanying assumptions.
Null hypothesis - A null hypothesis is a statistical claim used as the reference for a hypothesis test.
Null move - A null move is a hypothetical move in which a player passes the turn without making an ordinary action on the board.
Null-move heuristic - The null-move heuristic is a selective game-search technique that tests a position by hypothetically passing the current player's turn and searching the...
Null result - A null result is an informal description of a study that does not provide the expected or statistically significant evidence for an effect or association.
Null Value - A null value in SQL is a marker representing missing or unknown information rather than an ordinary value such as zero or a text string.
Nullspace - The nullspace of a matrix A is the set of all vectors x that the matrix maps to the zero vector: Ax=0.
Number needed to treat - The number needed to treat, usually abbreviated NNT, expresses an absolute difference in outcome probabilities as the expected number of people who would...
Number raised estimation - Number raised estimation is a survey estimation method that expands sample observations using a common population-to-sample count ratio within each sampling...
Numeric prediction - Numeric prediction is the task of estimating a numerical quantity from available information.
Numeric variable - A numeric variable is a variable whose values represent quantities that are counted or measured.
Numerical data - Numerical data is data that lives on a number line: quantities with magnitude and order, like revenue, temperature, age or count, where arithmetic means...
Nyquist frequency - Definition: The Nyquist frequency is half a signal's sampling rate. For a recording sampled 16,000 times per second, it is 8,000 hertz.
NYQUIST PLOT - A Nyquist plot traces a system's complex frequency response as frequency varies.
Nyquist sampling rate - The Nyquist sampling rate is twice the highest frequency present in a band-limited signal under the usual baseband sampling model.
Nyquist - Shannon sampling theorem - The Nyquist - Shannon sampling theorem describes when a continuous, band-limited signal can be reconstructed from uniformly spaced samples.
NYSIIS phonetic code - The NYSIIS phonetic code is a letter-based encoding used to group names with similar spelling-to-sound patterns.