Formal concept analysis - Formal concept analysis is a mathematical method for organizing objects and their attributes into a concept hierarchy.
Formal language - A formal language is a set of finite strings built from a specified alphabet of symbols. The set determines which strings belong to the language.
Formal logic - Formal logic is the study and use of precisely defined languages and rules for reasoning.
Formant - A formant is a resonance-related concentration of energy in the speech spectrum, commonly described through the frequency and bandwidth of a vocal-tract...
Formant synthesis - Formant synthesis is a method of generating speech-like sound by controlling an acoustic source and filters that model vocal-tract resonances.
Formation matrix - In likelihood-based statistics, a formation matrix is an inverse information matrix: the expected formation matrix is the inverse of Fisher information...
Forney factor graph - A Forney factor graph is a graphical representation of a factorized function in which nodes represent factors and edges represent variables.
Forward algorithm - The forward algorithm is a dynamic programming method for computing the likelihood of an observation sequence under a hidden Markov model.
Forward-backward algorithm - The forward-backward algorithm computes the probability distribution of each hidden state in a sequence after considering observations from the whole sequence.
Forward-chaining - Forward-chaining is a reasoning strategy that starts from known facts and repeatedly applies rules whose conditions are satisfied, adding their conclusions.
Forward checking - Forward checking is a constraint-solving technique that removes incompatible choices from unassigned variables after a variable receives a value.
Forward filtering backward sampling - Forward filtering backward sampling (FFBS) is a method for drawing complete hidden-state sequences from their posterior distribution given observed data.
Forward-looking centers - Forward-looking centers are the discourse entities associated with an utterance that centering theory treats as candidates for continued attention in the...
Forward mapping - Forward mapping is an image-warping approach that takes locations in a source image and calculates where they go in a destination image.
Forward-mode automatic differentiation - Forward-mode automatic differentiation computes derivatives by carrying derivative information alongside values as a program evaluates a function.
Forward operator - A forward operator is a mathematical rule that maps an underlying object, signal or set of parameters to the observations a model predicts.
Forward propagation - Forward propagation, or a forward pass, is the process of evaluating a neural network from its inputs through intermediate computations to its outputs.
Forward pruning - Forward pruning is a selective search strategy that skips branches judged unlikely to influence the final decision before fully establishing that they are...
Forward stagewise additive modeling - Forward stagewise additive modeling builds a predictive function by adding one fitted component at a time while leaving previously added components fixed.
Fourier analysis - Fourier analysis studies signals or functions by expressing them in terms of sinusoidal frequency components.
Fourier slice theorem - The Fourier slice theorem states that the one-dimensional Fourier transform of a parallel projection of a two-dimensional function equals a line through the...
Fourier space - Fourier space is a representation of a signal or image in terms of frequency components rather than its original time or spatial coordinates.
Fourier transform - A Fourier transform converts a signal or function into a representation organized by frequency.
Fourth Normal Form - Fourth normal form, or 4NF, is a relational design condition addressing redundancy caused by multivalued dependencies.
Fowlkes-Mallows scores - Fowlkes-Mallows scores compare two partitions of the same observations by examining which pairs are grouped together.
Fractal compression - Fractal compression is a family of compression methods that represents data, especially images, through transformations whose repeated application...
Fractal surface - A fractal surface is a surface model with irregular structure that follows a scaling relationship across levels of detail.
Fractiles - Fractiles are values that locate specified fractions of a distribution, including quartiles, deciles and percentiles.
Fraction of successes - The fraction of successes is the number of trials meeting a defined success condition divided by the total number of eligible trials.
Fractional cascading - Fractional cascading is a data-structuring technique that speeds up searching for the same key across multiple related sorted lists.
Fractional factorial design - A fractional factorial design is an experimental design that uses a carefully selected subset of the treatment combinations in a full factorial experiment.
Fractional model - A fractional model is a statistical model for an outcome expressed as a fraction or proportion, usually between zero and one.
Frame averaging - Frame averaging combines corresponding pixel values from multiple images, usually by taking their mean, to produce one output image.
Frame buffer - A frame buffer is memory used to hold image data for a frame, such as the pixels being rendered or prepared for display.
Frame elements - Frame elements are the defined semantic roles associated with a particular semantic frame.
Frame interpolation - Frame interpolation creates estimated images at times between existing video frames or related photographs.
Frame problem - The frame problem is the challenge of representing what stays unchanged when an action occurs without explicitly listing every unaffected property for every...
Framing effect - The framing effect is a change in judgment or preference caused by how substantially equivalent information is presented.
Frank - Wolfe algorithm - The Frank - Wolfe algorithm, also called the conditional gradient method, solves constrained optimization problems by repeatedly minimizing a linear...
Fraud detection - Fraud detection is the process of identifying activity that may involve deception for an improper benefit, such as unauthorized transactions or false claims.
Free bits objective - The free bits objective is a modification of a variational autoencoder training objective that stops rewarding further reductions in a latent group's KL...
Free space - Free space is the set of configurations in which a robot or moving object satisfies the modeled collision and configuration constraints.
Free word order - Free word order describes substantial flexibility in the ordering of sentence constituents, such as subjects, objects, and verbs.
Frequency distribution - A frequency distribution organizes observations by how often their values or categories occur.
Frequency principle/spectral bias - The frequency principle, also called spectral bias in closely related research, describes a tendency of many neural networks and training setups to learn...
Frequentist statistical inference - Frequentist statistical inference uses data to estimate or test properties of a population or process through procedures evaluated by their behavior under...
Friedman test - The Friedman test is a rank-based test for comparing three or more related conditions in a complete-block or repeated-measures design.
Friendly AI - Friendly AI is a research concept for designing powerful artificial intelligence so that its goals and behavior remain beneficial to people.