Feret's diameter - Feret's diameter is a size measurement obtained from the separation of parallel lines that enclose an object's outline, like the jaws of a caliper.
Few-shot learning - Few-shot learning is the challenge of adapting to a task or recognizing new classes from only a small number of labeled examples.
Few-shot prompting - Few-shot prompting means including a small number of example inputs and desired outputs in a prompt before asking a model to handle a new input.
FFT solver - An FFT solver is a numerical solution method that uses the fast Fourier transform to simplify a suitably structured problem.
Fibonacci coding - Fibonacci coding is a self-delimiting representation of positive integers based on Fibonacci numbers.
Fibonacci search technique - The Fibonacci search technique locates a value in a sorted array by using Fibonacci numbers to choose successive comparison positions.
Field experiment - A field experiment evaluates an intervention in a setting that reflects real-world activity rather than only an artificial laboratory task.
FIFO queue - A FIFO queue is a collection in which items are removed in the order they were added. FIFO stands for first in, first out.
Filled pause - A filled pause is a vocalized hesitation, such as “uh” or “um” in English, occurring within the flow of speech.
Filter - A filter is a rule or system that transforms a sequence of observations to retain, suppress, or reshape particular features.
Filter Design - Filter design is the process of choosing a filter structure and parameters to meet specified requirements for transforming a signal.
Filtered-popping recursive transition network - A filtered-popping recursive transition network, abbreviated FPRTN, is a recursive transition network that permits a return from a subroutine only when the...
Filtering - Filtering is the process of estimating a system's current hidden state from observations available up to the present, in probabilistic AI.
Filters, random fields, and maximum entropy model - The filters, random fields, and maximum entropy model, usually called FRAME, is a probabilistic model developed for texture analysis and synthesis.
Final fall - A final fall is a downward movement of pitch toward the end of an intonational phrase.
Findability - Findability is the ease with which people can locate the information, content or functions they need.
Fine-motion planning - Fine-motion planning is the design of robot motion strategies for precise tasks where contact, sensing and positioning uncertainty matter.
Fine-tuning - Fine-tuning is additional training that adapts a pretrained model to a particular task, domain, or desired behavior.
Finger search - Finger search is searching an ordered collection from a known nearby position, called a finger, rather than always starting from the collection's global...
Finger search tree - A finger search tree is an ordered tree data structure designed to search efficiently from a reference to an existing element, called a finger.
Finite-dimensional distribution - A finite-dimensional distribution of a stochastic process is the joint probability distribution of its values at a finite selection of indices.
Finite horizon - A finite horizon is a limited span of future stages over which a decision process is evaluated or planned.
Finite mixture model - A finite mixture model describes data as coming from a fixed number of underlying groups, each with its own distribution, so one dataset can be read as...
Firewall (computing) - A firewall is a device, program, or service that controls network traffic according to a defined security policy.
Fireworks algorithm - The fireworks algorithm, or FWA, is a population-based optimization method that generates candidate solutions around several current solutions using an...
Firmly non-expansive operator - A firmly non-expansive operator is a mapping with a stronger geometric stability property than simply not increasing distances.
Firmographics - Firmographics are descriptive attributes used to characterize and group organizations, such as industry, size, location, age and organizational structure.
First-choice hill climbing - First-choice hill climbing is a local-search method that samples neighboring solutions and moves to the first one that improves the current objective.
First difference - A first difference is the change between a time-series observation and the immediately preceding observation: Δyt = yt − y(t−1).
First-hitting-time model - A first-hitting-time model describes an event time as the first moment a stochastic process reaches a specified boundary or set.
First normal form (1NF) - First normal form, or 1NF, is a foundational condition in conventional relational database design: each attribute position contains a single value from its...
First order interaction - A first order interaction is an interaction between two variables: the relationship between one variable and an outcome depends on the level of the other.
First-order logic - First-order logic is a formal language for describing objects, their properties and relationships, and statements quantified over those objects.
First-order Markov process - A first-order Markov process is a sequence of random states in which the next state's conditional distribution depends on the current state rather than the...
First-order reliability method - The first-order reliability method, or FORM, estimates a threshold-event probability by approximating a limit-state boundary with a tangent hyperplane at a...
First-order second-moment method - The first-order second-moment method, often abbreviated FOSM, approximates the mean and variance of a model output using a first-order Taylor expansion and...
Fisher exact test - The Fisher exact test assesses association in a contingency table using a probability distribution conditional on the table's margins.
Fisher's inequality - Fisher's inequality is a necessary condition for a nontrivial balanced incomplete block design: the number of blocks b must be at least the number of...
Fisher's least significant difference - Fisher's least significant difference is a threshold and associated procedure for comparing two means using an error variance pooled from an...
Fisher's Least Significant Difference Test (LSD) - Fisher's Least Significant Difference Test, abbreviated LSD, is a pairwise mean-comparison procedure using a common error estimate from an...
Fisher's method - Fisher's method combines several p-values into one test statistic by summing their negative logarithms.
Fitness approximation - Fitness approximation estimates the quality of candidate solutions using a cheaper substitute for an expensive or unavailable evaluation.
Fitness function - A fitness function evaluates how well a candidate solution meets the goals of an optimization task.
Five safes - The Five Safes is a framework for assessing and managing data access through five connected dimensions: safe projects, safe people, safe settings, safe data...
Fixed Effects Model - A fixed effects model is a statistical model that represents specified groups or factor levels with their own parameters.
Fixed-lag smoothing - Fixed-lag smoothing estimates a hidden state from a fixed number of time steps in the past using observations available through the present.
Fixed marginal totals - Fixed marginal totals are row or column totals in a contingency table that are held constant by the sampling or allocation design, rather than varying...