Alpha channel - An alpha channel is an image channel that stores information used to control a pixel's opacity or coverage during compositing.
Alpha divergence - Alpha divergence is a parameterized family of measures for comparing probability distributions. Changing alpha changes how discrepancies are penalized.
Alpha-expansion - Alpha-expansion is an optimization method for assigning one of several labels to each element, such as a pixel.
Alpha matte - An alpha matte is a per-pixel map of how much a foreground contributes to a composite image.
Alternating decision tree - An alternating decision tree is a classification model that alternates between decision conditions and numerical prediction contributions.
Alternating direction method of multipliers - The alternating direction method of multipliers, or ADMM, is an iterative optimization method that splits a structured problem into subproblems and...
Alternative hypothesis - An alternative hypothesis is the statistical claim considered in contrast to a null hypothesis.
Alveolar sound - An alveolar sound is a speech sound articulated with the tongue at or near the alveolar ridge, the raised area just behind the upper front teeth.
Ambiguity - Ambiguity is the presence of more than one plausible meaning or interpretation in an expression or representation.
Ambiguity aversion - Ambiguity aversion is a preference for options with better-specified probabilities over otherwise comparable options whose probabilities are uncertain or...
Amorphous computing - Amorphous computing studies how many simple computing elements can cooperate to produce an intended overall behavior despite irregular placement, local...
Amortized variational inference - Amortized variational inference learns a shared function that maps observations or other relevant context to parameters of approximate posterior distributions.
Amplification Bias - Amplification bias occurs when processing by an AI system increases a skew or association relative to a stated reference distribution.
Analog Filter Design - Analog filter design is the process of specifying a continuous-time system that changes the amplitude or phase of different frequency components of a signal.
Analogical modeling - Analogical modeling, in its specialized sense, is Royal Skousen's exemplar-based approach to predicting behavior from stored examples and their contexts.
Analogical reasoning - Analogical reasoning uses a structured comparison with a familiar situation to generate insights about another situation.
Analysis of algorithms - Analysis of algorithms is the study of an algorithm's behavior, especially the resources it requires as the size and characteristics of its input change.
Analysis of covariance - Analysis of covariance, or ANCOVA, is a regression-based method for comparing groups while including one or more quantitative covariates.
Analysis of manufacturing variance - Analysis of manufacturing variance, or AMV, is a computer-experiment approach that decomposes projected manufacturing-process variation into contributions...
Analysis of rhythmic variance - Analysis of rhythmic variance, abbreviated ANORVA, is a method proposed by Peter Celec for detecting periodic patterns in biological time series.
Analysis of similarities - Analysis of similarities, or ANOSIM, is a permutation-based statistical method for comparing predefined groups using ranked pairwise dissimilarities.
Analysis of variance - Analysis of variance, or ANOVA, is a family of statistical methods that partitions variation in an outcome into components associated with modeled factors...
Analytic survey - An analytic survey is a sample survey designed primarily to compare sectors or subgroups within the sampled population.
Analytics - Analytics is the systematic examination of data to answer questions, understand patterns and support decisions.
Anamorphic stretch transform - The anamorphic stretch transform (AST) is a signal transformation that uses deliberately nonuniform stretching to reshape a signal for acquisition or...
Anaphor - An anaphor is an expression interpreted as referring back to something already introduced in a discourse. In “A parcel arrived.
Anaphora - Anaphora is the use of a later expression to refer back to something introduced earlier in a discourse. In “A courier arrived.
Anaphoricity detector - An anaphoricity detector estimates whether a mention in a text refers back to an entity already introduced in that discourse.
Ancestral graph - An ancestral graph is a mixed graph used to represent conditional independence relationships, allowing directed, bidirected and undirected edges under...
Anchor modeling - Anchor modeling is a database-modeling approach that separates stable identities, descriptive properties and relationships into small, highly normalized...
Anchor texts - Anchor texts are the textual labels associated with hyperlinks, such as “delivery information” in a link leading to a delivery page.
Anchoring Bias - Anchoring bias is the tendency for an initial value or reference point to exert disproportionate influence on a later judgment.
Anchoring effect - The anchoring effect is a tendency for a judgment, especially a numerical estimate, to be influenced by an initial value or reference point.
And-Elimination - And-Elimination is a rule of logical inference that allows either component of an established conjunction to be concluded separately.
And - or tree - An and - or tree represents a problem using two kinds of branching.
AND-parallelism - AND-parallelism means solving required subproblems concurrently when their results must all contribute to the overall solution.
Anderson-Darling test - The Anderson-Darling test is a goodness-of-fit test that compares an empirical distribution with a specified distribution or fitted distribution family.
Angelic nondeterminism - Angelic nondeterminism interprets an unresolved choice as one that can be made in favor of achieving a specified objective.
Angelic semantics - Angelic semantics gives a high-level planning action meaning in terms of the states reachable by at least one permitted refinement into primitive actions.
Anisotropic diffusion - Anisotropic diffusion is a family of image-processing methods that smooth an image according to its local structure, aiming to reduce small fluctuations...
Anisotropic filtering - Anisotropic filtering is a texture-sampling technique that accounts for unequal scaling in different directions.
Anisotropy - Anisotropy means that a distribution has different properties in different directions.
Annealed importance sampling - Annealed importance sampling, or AIS, estimates quantities associated with a difficult probability distribution by moving through a sequence of intermediate...
Anomaly - An anomaly is a data point or event that departs from what is normal in a way that deserves attention: the unusual transaction, the strange sensor reading...
Anomaly detection - Anomaly detection is the task of finding data points, events or patterns that differ markedly from what is normal, such as a fraudulent payment, a failing...
Anonymization - Anonymization is the process of changing information about people so that they are no longer identifiable within the relevant context and applicable standard.
Ansari-Bradley test - The Ansari-Bradley test is a rank-based test for a difference in scale between two independent samples.
Answer literal - An answer literal is a specially introduced logical literal that carries the values of query variables through a resolution proof.