Distributionfree tests - Distribution-free tests are statistical tests whose null reference distribution does not depend on the precise form of the population distribution within a...
Dixon's Q test - Dixon's Q test is an outlier test based on ratios of gaps between ordered observations.
Donor (imputation) - A donor in imputation is a record that supplies values used to replace missing or inconsistent values in another record, called the recipient.
Dot plot - A dot plot, in the distribution-display sense used by the source glossary, represents observations as dots positioned along a measurement axis, with...
Double sampling - Double sampling, in the OECD glossary's principal industrial-inspection sense, is an acceptance-sampling plan that permits a decision after a first sample...
Duncan's new multiple range test - Duncan's new multiple range test is a procedure for comparing ordered group means using a sequence of studentized-range comparisons.
Dunn-Sidák test - The Dunn-Sidák test is a multiple-testing adjustment that assigns a smaller significance threshold to each test in a specified family.
Dunnett's test - Dunnett's test is a multiple-comparison procedure for comparing several treatment means with one designated control mean.
Duplicate sample - In the survey terminology used by the OECD glossary, a duplicate sample is an additional sample collected alongside a first sample in the same survey under...
Duplicated sample - A duplicated sample, in the OECD glossary's survey terminology, is a sample whose units are investigated twice by different parties of investigators.
Durbin test - The Durbin test is a rank-based test of treatment effects in a balanced incomplete block design.
Durbin-Watson statistic - The Durbin-Watson statistic measures how strongly successive regression residuals differ relative to their overall squared size.
Durbin - Wu - Hausman test - The Durbin-Wu-Hausman test is a family of econometric tests used to assess whether specified regressors can be treated as exogenous in a model that also has...
Dynamic Bayesian network - A dynamic Bayesian network is a probabilistic graphical model for variables that evolve across a sequence, commonly over time.
Dynamic Conditional Correlation - Dynamic Conditional Correlation, or DCC, is a class of multivariate time-series models that allows correlations to change over time conditional on past...
Dynamic factor - A dynamic factor is an unobserved component that evolves over time and helps explain shared movement across several observed time series.
Dynamic mode decomposition - Dynamic mode decomposition, usually abbreviated DMD, is a data-driven method for representing observed evolution through spatial patterns and associated...
Dynamic model - A dynamic model, in the machine-learning usage of the supplied glossary, is a model that is retrained or updated frequently as new data become available.
E-values - E-values are nonnegative statistical evidence values obtained from random variables whose expected value is at most one under every distribution allowed by...
Ecological study - An ecological study investigates relationships using groups, populations, places, or time periods as the units of analysis.
Effective degrees of freedom - Effective degrees of freedom quantify the flexibility or statistical complexity used by a fitting procedure, under a specified definition.
Effective sample size - Effective sample size is the size of a specified reference sample that would provide comparable statistical information or precision for a particular analysis.
Elliptical distribution - An elliptical distribution is a multivariate probability distribution obtained by shifting and linearly transforming a spherically symmetric random vector.
Empirical cumulative distribution function - The empirical cumulative distribution function, or ECDF, gives the proportion of observed sample values that are less than or equal to a specified threshold.
Empirical distribution - An empirical distribution is the probability distribution that assigns equal mass to each observation in a nonempty, unweighted dataset.
Encoder models - Encoder models transform an input into learned internal representations that can support prediction, matching, or extraction.
Ensemble Kalman filter - The ensemble Kalman filter, or EnKF, is a method for updating estimates of a changing system by combining an ensemble of model forecasts with incoming...
Entropy - Entropy, in information theory, measures the average uncertainty associated with a probability distribution.
Entry time - Entry time is the point at which a person or other unit begins contributing observations or risk time to a study.
Equally weighted means - Equally weighted means are averages formed by giving each component mean the same weight, regardless of how many observations contributed to it.
Equivalence test - An equivalence test assesses whether an effect lies within prespecified bounds representing differences small enough to be considered practically...
Error rate per comparison ( PC ) - Error rate per comparison is the probability of falsely rejecting the null hypothesis for a particular comparison when that null is true.
Error (Statistical error) - Statistical error is the difference between a value obtained through data collection or estimation and the corresponding true population value or other...
Error variance - Error variance is the variance of the error term in a specified statistical model.
Errors of prediction - Errors of prediction are the differences between observed outcomes and their corresponding predicted values.
Estimate - An estimate is a value calculated from observed data to represent an unknown quantity, such as a population mean, proportion, total, or model parameter.
Estimation - Estimation is the process of using observed data to infer unknown quantities, such as population characteristics or model parameters.
Estimation error - Estimation error is the discrepancy between an estimated quantity and its true or explicitly defined target.
Eta squared ( h 2 ) - Eta squared, conventionally written eta squared or η², is an effect-size measure based on the proportion of total observed variation attributed to a...
Event correlation - Event correlation is the process of connecting event records that may belong to the same activity, incident, or operational pattern.
EVOP, Evolutionary Operation - EVOP, short for Evolutionary Operation, is an approach to improving an operating process through deliberately planned, usually small changes to its...
EWMA chart - An EWMA chart is a statistical process-control chart that monitors an exponentially weighted moving average of successive observations.
Exact test - An exact test is a hypothesis test calibrated using a finite-sample null distribution rather than relying on a large-sample approximation.
Expander walk sampling - Expander walk sampling is a method of generating useful samples by following a random walk on a suitably well-connected graph called an expander.
Expected frequencies - Expected frequencies are the counts predicted for categories or table cells by a specified probability model, often the null hypothesis in a statistical test.
Experimental benchmarking - Experimental benchmarking compares estimates from a nonexperimental research method with estimates from an experiment addressing a comparable causal question.
Explained variance score - The explained variance score is a regression evaluation metric defined, for a target with positive variance, as one minus the variance of prediction errors...
Explained variation - Explained variation is the part of variation in an outcome that is accounted for by a specified statistical model or set of predictors.