Indian buffet process - The Indian buffet process, or IBP, is a probability model for allocating potentially unbounded binary features to objects.
Indirect sampling - Indirect sampling obtains information about a target population through records or other linked units rather than sampling and observing the target units...
Individuals chart - An individuals chart is a statistical process control chart that plots one numerical observation at each monitoring occasion.
Inductive reasoning - Inductive reasoning draws conclusions that extend beyond the observations or premises available.
Inferential statistics - Inferential statistics uses observed data to draw conclusions about a wider population, an underlying data-generating process, or unknown model quantities.
Influence - In regression diagnostics, influence describes how much an observation affects a fitted model or a particular estimated quantity.
Information bottleneck method - The information bottleneck method seeks a representation of an input that retains information relevant to a chosen target while discarding other input detail.
Information field theory - Information field theory is a Bayesian framework for inferring fields from incomplete or noisy measurements.
Information matrix test - The information matrix test checks a likelihood model by comparing two quantities that agree in expectation under correct specification and suitable...
Inner fences - Inner fences are reference boundaries used in a common boxplot rule to flag unusually low or high observations.
Instrumental variables - Instrumental variables are variables used to isolate variation in an explanatory variable that can support causal estimation despite endogeneity.
Intensive sampling - Intensive sampling concentrates observation effort within a limited area or a narrow subject range.
Intention-to-treat - Intention-to-treat is the principle of analyzing participants according to their original randomized assignment, including those who did not follow the...
Inter-quartile range - The inter-quartile range, usually written interquartile range or IQR, is the difference between the upper and lower quartiles: IQR = Q3 minus Q1.
Interpolator - An interpolator is a predictive rule that reproduces the observations used to construct it.
Interrupted time series - Interrupted time series is a study design that examines repeated measurements before and after a defined intervention or event.
Interval estimate - An interval estimate is a range used to express uncertainty about an unknown parameter, such as a population mean or a difference between groups.
Interval predictor model - An interval predictor model, or IPM, maps an input to an interval of predicted outputs rather than a single number.
Interval scale - An interval scale is a measurement scale on which equal numerical differences represent equal differences in the measured attribute.
Interview survey - An interview survey collects answers through verbal interaction with an interviewer, who records the responses.
Interviewer bias - Interviewer bias is systematic distortion in survey responses or recorded information caused by the interviewer's actions.
Interviewer error - Interviewer error is a source of survey measurement error arising when an interviewer's behavior changes the respondent's answer.
Inverse Dirichlet distribution - The inverse Dirichlet distribution, in the matrix-variate sense used here, is obtained by inverting each matrix in a type-I matrix Dirichlet collection.
Inverse sampling - Inverse sampling is a sampling design in which observations continue until a specified condition based on the observed results is met.
Irregular component of a time series - The irregular component of a time series is the remainder after estimated trend-cycle, seasonal, and relevant calendar effects have been removed.
Irregular effect - An irregular effect is a movement in a time series occurring at a particular time that is not part of a seasonal or cyclical pattern.
Isotonic regression - Isotonic regression fits values subject to an ordering constraint, usually requiring fitted responses not to decrease as an input increases.
Item stem and leaf plot - An item stem and leaf plot is a questionnaire display that places question identifiers at positions corresponding approximately to their average scores on a...
Item-total correlation - Item-total correlation measures the association between responses to one questionnaire or test item and a score formed from a set of items.
Jeffreys prior - A Jeffreys prior is a Bayesian prior constructed from the expected Fisher information of a statistical model.
Joint probability - Joint probability is the probability that specified events all occur. For two events A and B, it is written P(A and B), or P(A intersection B).
Joint probability distribution - A joint probability distribution describes how two or more random variables behave together.
Jonckheere's trend test - Jonckheere's trend test, also called the Jonckheere-Terpstra test, is a nonparametric test for an ordered alternative across independent groups.
Judgment sample - A judgment sample is a non-probability sample whose members are deliberately selected using a researcher's or expert's assessment of their relevance or...
k-means - K-means is a clustering method that groups numerical observations around k centers, minimizing the sum of squared Euclidean distances between observations...
k-median - K-median is a clustering approach that seeks k representative centers while minimizing the total distance from observations to their assigned centers.
k-nearest neighbors regression - K-nearest neighbors regression predicts a numerical target by combining the target values of the k training observations closest to a new input.
Kaiser - Meyer - Olkin test - The Kaiser - Meyer - Olkin measure, commonly called the KMO test, is a diagnostic index used when assessing whether a correlation matrix is suitable for...
Kaniadakis distribution - A Kaniadakis distribution is a probability model constructed within the κ-deformed statistical framework associated with Giorgio Kaniadakis.
Kaniadakis exponential distribution - A Kaniadakis exponential distribution is a κ-deformed alternative to the ordinary exponential distribution. The name is used for more than one construction.
Kaniadakis Gamma distribution - The Kaniadakis Gamma distribution is a κ-deformed family for positive random variables, built by replacing the exponential component of a generalized Gamma...
Kaniadakis Gaussian distribution - The Kaniadakis Gaussian distribution, or κ-Gaussian, is a symmetric probability family obtained by normalizing a κ-exponential of a negative quadratic...
Kaniadakis Weibull distribution - The Kaniadakis Weibull distribution, or κ-Weibull, is a positive-valued probability model commonly defined by the survival function S(x) = expκ(−βx^α), with...
Kaplan-Meier estimator - The Kaplan - Meier estimator is a nonparametric estimate of a survival function from time-to-event observations, including right-censored observations.
Kendall's tau - Kendall's tau is a rank-based measure of association between two variables, calculated by comparing the ordering of pairs of observations.
Kernel perceptron - A kernel perceptron is a perceptron classifier expressed through kernel evaluations between examples.