Moving average - A moving average is an average recalculated over a window that moves through a sequence of observations.
Music alignment - Music alignment is the process of identifying corresponding musical positions across different representations or performances of a work.
Next word index - A next word index, often written nextword index in information-retrieval research, organizes words by the words that immediately follow them in documents.
NYSIIS phonetic code - The NYSIIS phonetic code is a letter-based encoding used to group names with similar spelling-to-sound patterns.
Ordered weighted averaging - Ordered weighted averaging, usually abbreviated OWA, combines several numerical values by sorting them and applying weights to their ordered positions.
Overlap coefficient - The overlap coefficient measures how much two nonempty sets share relative to the size of the smaller set.
Parametric index - A parametric index is an information-retrieval index for structured document attributes, such as publication date, language, or document type.
Permuterm index - A permuterm index is a vocabulary index that supports wildcard matching by storing cyclic rotations of each term with a special end marker.
Personalization management system - A personalization management system is software used to organize, deliver and evaluate experiences tailored to different users or audiences.
Personalized search - Personalized search adapts search results to information about a particular user, such as stated interests, previous activity or task context.
Pivoted document length normalization - Pivoted document length normalization is a retrieval-scoring technique that adjusts how document length affects a score around a chosen reference point...
Positional embeddings - Positional embeddings are numerical representations that supply information about where tokens or other elements occur in a sequence.
Positional index - A positional index is an inverted search index that records where each term occurs within each document, usually as token positions.
Pragmatics - Pragmatics is the study of how people use language in context and how listeners infer what speakers intend to communicate.
Probabilistic relevance model - A probabilistic relevance model is an information-retrieval model that ranks documents using estimates related to their probability of being relevant to a...
Probability Ranking Principle - The Probability Ranking Principle (PRP) says that, under its stated relevance and utility assumptions, documents should be ranked by decreasing probability...
Proximity search (text) - Proximity search in text retrieves passages or documents in which specified terms occur near one another under a defined positional rule.
Proximity weighting - Proximity weighting is a search-ranking technique that gives weight to how close query terms appear to one another in a document.
Pseudocounts - Pseudocounts are quantities added to observed event counts when estimating probabilities.
Query likelihood model - The query likelihood model is an information-retrieval approach that ranks documents by how likely each document's language model would be to generate the...
R-precision - R-precision is a ranked-retrieval evaluation measure calculated at a cutoff equal to the number of relevant documents for the query.
Ranked retrieval - Ranked retrieval returns search results in an order intended to place the most useful or relevant items first.
Rating scale - A Rating scale is a defined set of response options used to record a judgment about an item, experience, or characteristic.
Retrieval-augmented generation - Retrieval-augmented generation, usually shortened to RAG, is a way of giving an AI model relevant information before it generates an answer.
Robust collaborative filtering - Robust collaborative filtering is the design and evaluation of recommendation methods that remain useful when some user feedback is noisy, unreliable, or...
Schema heterogeneity - Schema heterogeneity is the presence of different ways of naming, organizing or representing data structures across a collection or its sources.
Search suggest drop-down list - A Search suggest drop-down list is a search-interface feature that displays possible queries, matching items, or other useful choices near the search field...
Semantic technology - Semantic technology is a broad term for methods and tools that represent, connect, or use the meaning of information in a form computers can process.
Shingling - Shingling represents a document using overlapping sequences of a fixed number of consecutive tokens.
Single-pass in-memory indexing - Single-pass in-memory indexing, usually abbreviated SPIMI, builds an inverted index by accumulating a block of term postings in memory, writing that block...
Soundex - Soundex is a phonetic indexing method that groups selected spelling variants under a short code.
Sparse vector - A sparse vector is a vector in which most entries are zero.
Static embeddings - Static embeddings are vector representations that assign the same representation to a word or other vocabulary unit regardless of its surrounding context at...
Static quality scores - Static quality scores are document-level ranking signals that do not depend on the current query.
Statistical semantics - Statistical semantics studies and models aspects of language meaning through statistical patterns in language data.
Stop word - A Stop word is a word that a particular text-processing system chooses to omit from a representation or processing step, usually because it is considered...
Structural term - A structural term, in the XML retrieval model used here, is a pair consisting of a vocabulary term and its structural context.
Structured document retrieval principle - The structured document retrieval principle says that a search system should return the most specific part of a document that answers the query.
Subject indexing - Subject indexing is the process of describing what an information resource is about through assigned terms, headings, codes, or other subject indicators.
Subsetting - Subsetting is selecting and retrieving a specified portion of a larger dataset or data object.
Tag (metadata) - A Tag (metadata) is a descriptive label or attribute associated with a resource to help identify, organize, filter, or manage it.
Term-at-a-time - Term-at-a-time is a query-scoring strategy that processes one query term's postings before moving to another query term.
Term partitioning - Term partitioning distributes an inverted index across machines by assigning different vocabulary terms to different partitions.
Thesaurus (information retrieval) - A Thesaurus (information retrieval) is a structured vocabulary used to describe and retrieve information consistently.
Tiered indexes - Tiered indexes organize retrieval information into levels so a search can examine a promising subset first and fall back to broader levels when needed.
Topic-specific PageRank - Topic-specific PageRank is a PageRank distribution biased toward a chosen topic by changing where the modeled random surfer teleports.
Tragedy of the commons - The tragedy of the commons is a collective-action problem in which individually attractive use of a shared, limited resource can produce excessive use and a...