Filled pause - A filled pause is a vocalized hesitation, such as “uh” or “um” in English, occurring within the flow of speech.
Filtered-popping recursive transition network - A filtered-popping recursive transition network, abbreviated FPRTN, is a recursive transition network that permits a return from a subroutine only when the...
Final fall - A final fall is a downward movement of pitch toward the end of an intonational phrase.
Flap (phonetic) - A flap is a consonant produced with a very brief articulatory contact rather than a sustained closure or repeated vibration.
Fluency - Fluency, in natural language generation and translation evaluation, is the degree to which output reads or sounds natural, clear, and well formed in the...
FMLLR - FMLLR, usually written fMLLR, stands for feature-space maximum likelihood linear regression.
Formal language - A formal language is a set of finite strings built from a specified alphabet of symbols. The set determines which strings belong to the language.
Formant - A formant is a resonance-related concentration of energy in the speech spectrum, commonly described through the frequency and bandwidth of a vocal-tract...
Formant synthesis - Formant synthesis is a method of generating speech-like sound by controlling an acoustic source and filters that model vocal-tract resonances.
Forward-looking centers - Forward-looking centers are the discourse entities associated with an utterance that centering theory treats as candidates for continued attention in the...
Frame elements - Frame elements are the defined semantic roles associated with a particular semantic frame.
Free word order - Free word order describes substantial flexibility in the ordering of sentence constituents, such as subjects, objects, and verbs.
Fully-connected - Fully-connected describes a neural-network layer in which each output unit has a weight for every input feature supplied to that layer.
Function word - A function word primarily expresses a grammatical relationship or structural meaning rather than naming a person, object, action, or descriptive property.
Fundamental frequency - Fundamental frequency, usually written F0, is the repetition rate of a periodic signal, measured in hertz, or cycles per second.
Gale - Church alignment algorithm - The Gale - Church alignment algorithm identifies corresponding sentences or small sentence groups in two versions of a text, typically written in different...
Gazetteer - A gazetteer in natural-language processing is a collection of names or terms used to help recognize matching expressions in text.
Generative lexicon - The generative lexicon is a theory of lexical meaning developed by James Pustejovsky.
Generics - Generics are statements that describe a kind or category in general without explicitly saying how many members have the stated property.
Genetic fuzzy systems - Genetic fuzzy systems combine fuzzy-system representations with evolutionary search, commonly genetic algorithms, to learn or adjust parts of the system.
Given-new - Given-new describes a distinction in how information is presented in discourse.
Glottal - Glottal means relating to the glottis, the opening between the vocal folds in the larynx.
Glottal stop - A glottal stop is a speech sound produced by a closure at the glottis, where the vocal folds come together and interrupt airflow.
Glyph - A glyph is a visual form used to represent written text or symbols.
Gold labels - Gold labels are the reference annotations treated as the accepted answers for a defined machine-learning task or evaluation.
Gorn address - A Gorn address identifies a node in an ordered rooted tree by recording the sequence of child choices needed to reach it from the root.
Grammar induction - Grammar induction is the process of learning a grammatical representation or structural regularities from examples.
Grammatical function - Grammatical function is the syntactic role an expression has within a larger construction, such as subject, object, complement, or modifier.
Grammatical relation - A grammatical relation is a syntactic relationship between an expression and another part of a sentence, such as the relationship of a subject or object to...
Greedy decoding - Greedy decoding is a method for generating a sequence by choosing the highest-scoring available next token at each step.
Gricean maxims - Gricean maxims are conversational expectations proposed by philosopher H. Paul Grice to help explain cooperative communication.
Heaps's law - Heaps's law is an empirical relationship describing how the number of distinct terms in a text collection tends to grow as more word occurrences are observed.
Hearst patterns - Hearst patterns are recurring word-and-grammar patterns used to identify possible hyponym relationships in text: relationships in which one concept is a...
Hidden units - Hidden units are computational units inside a neural network, between its inputs and its final outputs.
Hobbs algorithm - The Hobbs algorithm is a historical, syntax-based method for finding candidate antecedents of pronouns in text.
Homonymy - Homonymy is the relationship between distinct meanings that share a word form but are not treated as meaningfully related in the analysis being used.
Hot languages - Hot languages is a label used in some linguistic discussions for languages that tend to express referents more explicitly, rather than leaving many...
Hybrid machine translation - Hybrid machine translation combines different translation approaches within one system or workflow.
Hypernym - A hypernym is a word sense or concept that is more general than another, covering a broader category to which the more specific concept belongs.
Implicature - An implicature is something a speaker communicates indirectly, beyond what the utterance explicitly says.
Implicit argument - An implicit argument is a participant associated with a predicate's meaning that is not overtly expressed in the relevant phrase or clause.
Indefinite reference - Indefinite reference is the use of an expression, often a noun phrase such as “a technician” or “some packages,” without presenting its referent as already...
Indexed grammar - An indexed grammar is a formal grammar in which nonterminal symbols can carry stacks of index symbols.
Indexed language - An indexed language is a formal language generated by an indexed grammar. It is a set of terminal strings, rather than the grammar rules themselves.
Inflectional morphemes - Inflectional morphemes are grammatical meaning-bearing units that mark forms of a word, such as number, tense, or agreement, rather than primarily creating...
Intelligent character recognition - Intelligent character recognition, or ICR, refers to character-recognition methods that use learned or adaptive pattern-recognition techniques, often for...
Intentional stance - The intentional stance is a strategy for predicting a system's behavior by treating it as an agent with beliefs and goals, then asking what it would...
Interactive machine translation - Interactive machine translation is a translation process in which a person and a machine translation system repeatedly exchange suggestions and corrections.