A-D conversion - A-D conversion means analog-to-digital conversion: turning a continuously varying physical signal into a sequence of digital values.
AAC - AAC stands for augmentative and alternative communication: ways of communicating that supplement or replace speech when needed.
Absolute position - Absolute position identifies where a token occurs within a sequence using its own position index, such as first, second, or third.
Abstract word - An abstract word expresses a meaning that is less directly tied to a specific sensory or physical experience, such as an idea, relation, quality, or mental...
Accented syllables - Accented syllables are syllables that bear a pitch accent in an utterance and are perceived as prosodically prominent.
Acoustic model - Definition: An acoustic model is a component of a speech-recognition system that relates recorded speech signals to linguistic units or their internal states.
Activity expressions - Activity expressions describe situations that unfold over time without building a particular completion point into their meaning.
Adaptive softmax - Adaptive softmax is a hierarchical output-layer method for efficiently modeling large, unevenly used vocabularies.
Add gate - An add gate is the learned control in an LSTM network that regulates how much newly proposed information enters its memory state.
Add-k - Add-k is a probability-smoothing method that adds the same positive amount k to every possible outcome's observed count before normalizing.
Adequacy - Adequacy is the degree to which a translation preserves the meaning of its source text.
Adjacency pairs - Adjacency pairs are linked conversational actions in which a first contribution creates an expectation for a particular kind of response.
Adjective - An adjective is a word class whose members typically express properties of nouns or the things those nouns refer to. In “a quiet room,” quiet modifies room.
Adverb - An adverb is a word class whose members commonly modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, or a wider proposition.
Adversarial stylometry - Definition: Adversarial stylometry studies deliberate changes to writing intended to disrupt automated inferences about its author.
AED - AED stands for attention-based encoder-decoder in the speech-recognition context of this glossary.
Affix - An affix is a bound word-forming element attached to a base to contribute grammatical information or help create a new word.
Affix grammar over a finite lattice - Definition: An affix grammar over a finite lattice, usually abbreviated AGFL, is a grammar formalism that enriches context-free rules with features whose...
Aktionsart - Aktionsart refers to the temporal character expressed by a verb or larger predicate: whether it describes a state, an ongoing activity, a process with a...
Allen relations - Allen relations are thirteen basic ways that two time intervals can relate through their beginnings and endings.
Alveolar sound - An alveolar sound is a speech sound articulated with the tongue at or near the alveolar ridge, the raised area just behind the upper front teeth.
Anaphor - An anaphor is an expression interpreted as referring back to something already introduced in a discourse. In “A parcel arrived.
Anaphora - Anaphora is the use of a later expression to refer back to something introduced earlier in a discourse. In “A courier arrived.
Anaphoricity detector - An anaphoricity detector estimates whether a mention in a text refers back to an entity already introduced in that discourse.
Anchor texts - Anchor texts are the textual labels associated with hyperlinks, such as “delivery information” in a link leading to a delivery page.
Anisotropy - Anisotropy means that a distribution has different properties in different directions.
Antecedent - An antecedent is an earlier linguistic expression that a later referring expression connects back to. In “A drone landed.
Approximant sound - An approximant sound is a consonant produced with a relatively open passage between articulators, so the airflow does not create the strong friction noise...
Arc eager - Arc eager is a transition-based method for building dependency parses: structures linking each word to its syntactic head.
Argumentation mining - Argumentation mining is the computational analysis of how people present claims, give reasons, and connect those reasons through support or opposition in text.
Argumentative relations - Argumentative relations are the connections that show how one argument component bears on another, such as providing support or raising an objection.
Argumentative zoning - Argumentative zoning identifies the rhetorical role of passages, especially sentences, in scientific writing.
ARPAbet - ARPAbet is a system for representing speech sounds using ordinary ASCII letters and symbols, widely associated with English pronunciation resources.
Article (part-of-speech) - An article is a grammatical word that helps indicate how a noun phrase refers to something in context. In English, the main articles are a, an, and the.
Articulatory phonetics - Articulatory phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced by the vocal organs, including the lips, tongue, jaw, velum, and larynx.
Articulatory speech recognition - Definition: Articulatory speech recognition uses information about how speech is produced by the vocal tract to help identify spoken content.
Articulatory synthesis - Articulatory synthesis generates speech by modeling aspects of how the human vocal system produces sound.
ASCII - ASCII, the American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character encoding that assigns numeric values to a limited set of characters and...
Aspect - Aspect is the way language represents the temporal organization of a situation: for example, as ongoing, completed, habitual, repeated, or possessing an...
ATN - ATN stands for augmented transition network in natural-language parsing.
ATRANS - ATRANS is a primitive action in Roger Schank's conceptual dependency approach to representing language meaning.
Attachment ambiguity - Attachment ambiguity occurs when a phrase or other constituent can connect to more than one place in a sentence's grammatical structure.
Attention coverage mechanism - An attention coverage mechanism keeps a record of how much attention source positions have already received and uses that record during later decoding.
Audio mining - Definition: Audio mining is the computational search and analysis of audio collections to find useful content, events or patterns.
Audio-visual speech recognition - Definition: Audio-visual speech recognition, or AVSR, identifies spoken words using both the acoustic signal and visual evidence of speech production...
Authorship attribution - Authorship attribution is the task of estimating who wrote a text by comparing it with writing associated with candidate authors.
Automated essay scoring - Definition: Automated essay scoring, or AES, uses computational methods to estimate scores for written essays according to an assessment framework.